The Penguin History of Modern Russia

279.

4 Ibid., p. 278.

5 Ibid., pp. 277–8, 283–4.

6 A. Smith, Russia and the World Economy, pp. 104–6.

7 Materialy plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS.

8 Pravda, 26 June 1987.

9 Gorbachev has suggested that the illness may have been the result of Yeltsin deliberately harming himself with a pair of scissors: Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 374.

10 M. S. Gorbachev, Perestroika. New Thinking for Our Country and the World, pp. 38–41.

11 Ibid., p. 161.

12 Wisely he agreed to drop the long-winded slogan, ‘socialism in the process of self-development’, which he had introduced at the January 1987 Central Committee plenum: see Vadim Medvedev, V komande Gorbacheva, p. 67.

13 A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 33–4.

14 SXXVII, vol. 1, p. 590.

15 G. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody, p. 339; R. Gorbacheva, Ya nadeyus’, p. 23.

16 R. Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism, p. 176.

17 M. S. Gorbachev, Gody trudnykh reshenii, 1985–1992, p. 106.

18 A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let, p. 183.

19 Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody, p. 341.

20 Devyatnadsataya vsesoyuznaya konferentsiya KPSS, vol. 1, p. 58.

21 Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 82–8.

22 Ibid., p. 186.

23 M. Gorbacov and Z. Mlynar, Reformatori NebyvajiSt?astni, p. 69.

24 E. Pryce-Jones, The War That Never Was, p. 307.

25 Gorbachev, Izbrannye stat’i i rechi, vol. 4, p. 278.

26 Ibid., vol. 7, pp. 150–75.

24 Imploding Imperium (1989)

1 M. S. Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 334.

2 A. Smith, ‘Foreign Trade’, p. 138.

3 P. Hanson, ‘The Economy’, p. 99.

4 G. Schroder, ‘Soviet consumption in the 1980s’, p. 97.

5 G. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody, p. 216.

6 Schroder, ‘Soviet consumption in the 1980s’, p. 93.

7 S. White, After Gorbachev, p. 127.

8 E. C. Cook, ‘Agriculture’s role in the Soviet economic crisis’, p. 197.

9 A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 144.

10 J. Channon, ‘The privatisation of Russian Agriculture’.

11 D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and the Collapse of Perestroika, pp. 94–101.

12 N. Ryzhkov, Perestroika, p. 297.

13 Ibid., p. 301.

14 White, After Gorbachev, p. 52.

15 Ibid., pp. 52–3.

16 Pravda, 28 May 1989.

17 Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 264–7.

18 G. A. Hosking, P. J. S. Duncan and J. Aves, The Road to Post-Communism, pp. 19–20, 76–7.

19 Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 6.

20 V. A. Tishkov, ‘Assembleya natsii ili soyuznyi parlament?’, pp. 3–18; M. Buttino, ‘La fine dell’Unione Sovietica’, pp. 11–13.

21 Ryzhkov, Perestroika, pp. 90–92.

22 See the note by Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 321.

23 A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let, p. 251.

25 Hail and Farewell (1990–1991)

1 A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let, p. 319.

2 Ibid., p. 356.

3 I owe this point to Peter Duncan.

4 Pravda, 5 February 1990.

5 ITsKKPSS, no. 4 (1990), p. 61.

6 Chernyaev, Shest’ let, p. 278.

7 L. Sukhanov, Tri Goda s Yeltsinym, pp. 119–20.

8 Narodnoe khozyaistvo v 1990 g., p. 348.

9 Pravda, 14 December 1989.

10 See G. A. Hosking, P. J. S. Duncan and J. Aves, The Road to Post-Communism, pp. 45– 6.

11 Chernyaev, Shest’ let, p. 442; Vadim Medvedev, V komande Gorbacheva, p. 185.

12 Soyuz mozhno bylo sokhranit’, p. 111.

13 A. Smith, Russia and the World Economy, pp. 118–19.

14 V. Stepankov and Ye. Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, p. 79.

15 Sovetskaya Rossiya, 23 July 1991.

16 There was a masculine undertone to the appeal, which was addressed specifically to ‘Brothers’: see ibid. Even Stalin had made his appeal to ‘Brothers and Sisters’ in 1941.

17 Significantly, Judaism went unmentioned.

18 Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, p. 14; M. S. Gorbachev, The August Coup, p. 23.

19 Smert’ zagovora. Belaya kniga, pp. 5– 7.

20 B. Yeltsin, The View from the Kremlin, p. 58.

21 Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, p. 152.

22 Ibid., p. 165.

23 Ibid., pp. 180, 184.

24 Ibid., p. 209.

25 Ibid.

26 Izvestiya, 6 September 1991.

27 B. Yeltsin, Against the Grain. An Autobiography, p. 15.

28 Ibid., p. 22.

29 Ibid., pp. 96– 7.

30 Ibid., pp. 55– 6.

31 Yeltsin, The View from the Kremlin, p. 192.