Mount Pilgrim (Qal’at Sanjil) 196
Mount Tabor 362–3, 612, 628
al-Mu ‘azzam, ruler of Damascus 612, 628, 636–7, 645, 746, 748, 749
al-Mu ‘azzam Turanshah, sultan of Egypt 789, 790, 794–7
Muhammed, prophet 51, 362
Muhammed, Seljuk prince 128
Muhammed, sultan of Baghdad 270–71, 272
al-Muqtadi, caliph of Baghdad 128
Murad II, Ottoman sultan 844, 846, 862–3
Muret, battle of (1213) 587, 594, 595, 669
Muslim converts to Christianity 228, 638–9, 656, 670, 811, 815
al-Mustansir, caliph of Egypt 128
Myriokephalon, battle of (1176) 342, 535
Nablus 224, 229–30
council of (1120) 206, 226, 254
assembly of (1167) 355
assembly at (1186) 365
Naim al-Din Ayyub 188, 350
Napoleon Bonaparte 802
Narbonne, council of (1054) 43
Naser-e Khosraw, Persian traveller 81
al-Nasir, caliph of Baghdad 353
al-Nasir Dawd, ruler of Damascus and Kerak 749, 764–9
Nicaea 11, 59, 75, 98, 113, 121, 124, 129, 135, 142, 317, 320, 321
Nicephoras Phocas, Byzantine emperor 53
Nicetas, Cathar leader 574, 579
Nicetas Choniates, civil servant and historian 423, 425, 514, 515, 536, 537, 546, 553
Nicholas, leader at Cologne of Children’s Crusade 610–11
Nicholas II, pope 14
Nicholas IV, pope 829, 840, 905
Nicholas V, pope 863, 865, 866
Nicholas Kannovos, Byzantine emperor 549
Nicholas Mesarites 553
Nicholas Sabraham 885–6
Nicomedia 82, 83, 173, 174, 323
Nicopolis, battle of (1396) 836, 837, 843, 847, 856–7
Niklot, prince of the Abotrites 305–7, 678–80, 683
Nimes, Council of 74
Nivelo of Freteval 86
Nivelo, bishop of Soissons 519, 553, 557
Nizam al-Mulk, vizier of Baghdad 127, 128
Norman conquest of England 17, 19, 44–5, 46, 48, 218
Normans in Greek service 77, 82, 108, 113–14, 116, 193–4, 262, 534
Normans in Italy and Sicily 11–12, 13–15, 46, 54, 55, 119
numbers on crusade 77, 79, 83–4, 89, 97, 112, 117, 124, 130, 134, 143, 153, 160, 179, 308, 317, 333, 374, 389–90, 398, 413, 416, 418, 433, 434, 435–6, 441, 443, 449, 472, 497, 512–14, 520–21, 525, 531, 533, 554, 621, 626–7, 635, 638, 707–8, 743, 745, 746, 747–8, 764, 775, 781, 782, 786–7, 808–10, 813, 815–16, 832, 852–3, 854–6, 867
Nur al-Din, ruler of Aleppo and Damascus 189, 193, 195, 198, 199–200, 203, 225, 268, 270, 271, 273, 330, 331, 332, 333, 343–53
al-Aqsa
Odard, pilgrim 81
Odo, abbot of Cluny,
Odo, bishop of Bayeux 76, 117
Odo, duke of Burgundy 171
Odo III, duke of Burgundy 584, 587–9, 593, 622
Odo of Chateauroux, cardinal and legate 773–4, 776, 778
Odo of Deuil, chronicler 291, 295, 318, 321, 322, 325, 326, 328
Odo of St Maur-les-Fosses 42, 43
Oliver de la Marche 860–61
Oliver of Paderborn 618–19, 621, 633, 634, 638, 640, 647, 736
Oliver of Termes, Cathar sympathizer, crusader 604, 722, 774
Orderic Vitalis, chronicler 48, 214, 249–50
Origen of Alexandria 29, 32
Orkhan, Ottoman sultan 843, 846, 851
Osbert ‘Anglicus’ 316
Osman (Uthman), founder of the Ottoman dynasty 843
Oswald, king of Northumbria 36, 40, 41
Otho of Trazegnies 389
Othon of Grandson, Savoyard crusader 817, 820
Otto, bishop of Bamberg 678
Otto, bishop of Freising, writer 274, 278, 282–3, 287, 293, 294, 297, 304, 320, 324, 326, 328, 329, 330, 335, 336–7, 680
Otto I, king of Germany, emperor 5, 8–9, 40
Otto IV, king of Germany, emperor 582, 589, 595, 612, 619
Ottokar II, king of Bohemia 702, 704, 815
Ottoman Turks, empire of 560, 711, 826, 828–9, 834, 836–7, 843–74 passim
Oultrejourdain, lordship in Transjordan 203, 205
Outremer
in twelfth century: culture of 233–9; physical characteristics 176–8; settlement in 219–25; society of 212– 40
in thirteenth century 715–33; extent of 721
Pannonhalma, massacre at (1096) 95
Palestine, partition of 152
Paris
crusade assembly at (1188) 378, 381, 387, 389, 391, 392, 485
siege of 885/6 38
Treaty of (1229) 566, 601–2
Paschal II, pope 72, 75, 170–71, 248, 249, 261, 664
Paschia de Riveri, patriarchal mistress 229
Paul, saint 30, 32, 36, 250
Paul III, pope 873, 893
Paul IV, pope 902
Paul V, pope 874
Paul Vladimiri, Polish advocate 710
Pechenegs 11–12, 61, 115
