Young Stalin

1. The gangsters, holdups, girls, pawnshop, Chiatura gold train: GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili. Davrichewy, pp. 178–84, 226, 174–76. The gang: Nikolaevsky box 207, folders 207–10 and 207–11, Tatiana Vulikh to Boris Nikolaevsky. Uratadze, pp. 163–66. Dubinsky-Mukhadze, Kamo, pp. 45–58. Kutaisi and girls: Alexandra Darakhelidze-Margvelashvili. Urchins: GF IML 8.1.2.4. GARF 102.1906.206. Stalin on death: GF IML 8.2.1.34.317–54, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. Griiazanov, expropriation, Druzhina, pawnshop, competition and cooperation with Mensheviks, robberies recounted including Chiatura train, Kutaisi treasury and Tiflis: Tsintsadze, pp. 40–49. Stalin’s technical assistant (Niko’s brother Mate): GF IML 8.2.1.3.291–310, Niko Akhmeteli. Money raising by rackets in Tiflis: Essad Bey, pp. 90–95. Stalin on Tsintsadze and Kamo: see Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Stalin’s austerity: Jordania, “Stalin.”

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2. Hiding wounded Stalin, dreaming of seizing Tiflis on map: GF IML 8.2.1.3.291–310, Niko Akhmeteli. GDMS 278 A. N. Mikaberikdze. GDMS 118 Ruben Dashtoian.

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3. GF IML 8.2.1.34.317–54, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. GDMS 87.1955–368.1–16, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze. Escape out of the window: Service, Stalin, pp. 65–66. Man in grey: Minadora Ordzhonikidze-Toroshelidze unpublished mss. 1906 recruits, Nato to newspaper: GF IML 8.2.1.15.266–72, Natalia Dondarov (Azarian).

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4. Avlabar arrest: Arsenidze, pp. 218–36. Stalin in scarf: GF IML 8.2.1.37, Raisa Okinshevich. Ostrovsky, pp. 248–52. For conspiracy theory, see Isaac Don Levine, Stalin’s Great Secret, p. 90.

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5. Stockholm: Voroshilov, Rasskazy o zhizni, 1:247. Shipwreck: see Kujala et al., Lenin Ja Suomi. Hans Bjorkegren, Ryska Posten, pp. 43–56. Thanks to the investigations of Martin Stugard of Dagens Nyheter and also to the help of the grandson of Inspector Mogren, Per Mogren. Williams, p. 75, Michael Futrell, Northern Underground, p. 47. Service, Lenin, p. 179. Service, Stalin, pp. 62–64. Tucker, pp. 41,127 and 146. Smith, p. 175: shipwreck, quoting S. G. Strumenko. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 72–73. Dzerzhinsky: Rayfield, Stalin and the Hangmen, pp. 56–57. GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani. Report on Stockholm by Comrade K: Stalin, Works, 1:261–77. On agrarian question: Stalin, Works, 1:238–40 and 217–39. Shaumian also challenged by Mensheviks: Akopian, Shaumian, p. 44. Berlin: RGASPI 558.1.5095, Stalin to Monoselidze.

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6. RGASPI 558.1.5095.

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7. Minadora Ordzhonikidze-Toroshelidze unpublished mss. GF IML 8.2.1.34.317–54, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. GDMS 87.1955–368.1–16, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze. Kato Rachvelian: Mgeladze, p. 199. Letter about Alyosha and Kato: RGASPI 558.1.5095, quoted in Kun, pp. 341–42. Loved her so much: RGASPI 558.4.647, Pelageya Onufrieva. Soso as demigod: Iremashvili, pp. 30, 39–40. Very beautiful, melted my heart: Svetlana Alliluyeva tapes—thanks to Rosamund Richardson. Ravishing: Davrichewy, p. 228. Katovan Gelovani interview with author: Stalin hid with teacher father of Svanidzes in Kutaisi, Kato and Alyosha enchanted, fascinated by Stalin. Mariam Svanidze, interview with author, Tbilisi,2005. Stalin laughing and scruffy: GDMS 1955–146.51–6, G. Elisabedashvili. Marriage, little woman, what kind of family life: GF IML 8.2.1.9, Anna Nikitin-Geladze.

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8. Shooting policeman: GF IML 8.2.1.34.317–54, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze.

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1. Tsarevich Giorgi: S. Lakoba et al. (eds.), Istoria Abkhazia, p. 219. S. Lakoba, Boeviki Abkhazii v revolyutsii 1905–7, pp. 65– 68. S. Lakoba, “Legendarnoe nacholo veka.” Thanks to S. Z. Lakoba for access to his interviews with T. Kapba- Arshba and Kamshisi Gvaramia. For legend of Stalin leading horses with money from the ship: Fasil Iskander, Sandro of Chegem, pp. 202–4. Davrichewy’s piracy, p. 236. Tiflissky Listok, 22 and 24 Sept. 1906; Kavkaz, 24 Sept. 1906; Kavkazskaya Zhizn, 29 Sept. and 6 Oct. 1906; Chernomorsky Vestnik, 22 and 23 Sept. 1906. For the mules of Chiatura, see memoirs of Father Gachechiladze; for Stalin’s horse riding, see his attempt to ride in the 1945 Victory Parade, in Montefiore; for shooting, see earlier memoirs of M. Monoselidze and J. Davrichewy; for robbery of ship Nikolai I, see later chapters on Baku. Koba prank: Arsenidze, p. 220. Stalin greater involvement in robbery: Razhden Arsenidze, interviews nos. 1–3, 103–4, Nikolaevsky box 667, series 279, folder 4–5. Baku Tiflis Conference: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani. Uratadze, pp. 66–69.

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2. Kamo’s adventures: Imnaishvili, Kamo, pp. 47–51. Russian Review, vol. 19, no. 3, July 1960, pp. 227–47. Williams, pp. 75, 185. Kun, p. 75. Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill, pp. 85–95 and 167. Krasin, “Bolshevistskaya partiinaya tekhnika,” p. 813.