Cochran and Miller 1942, p. 16.
67
Garraty and Carnes, pp. 219, 221.
68
Bairoch 1993, p. 34; Garraty and Carnes 2000, pp. 262-3, 328; Cochran and Miller 1942, p. 18.
69
Garraty and Carnes, p. 335; Bairoch 1993, pp. 34-5; Luthin 1994, p. 611.
70
Although a regular transatlantic steam service was inaugurated in 1838, steamships only came to replace sailboats as the major means of sea transportation in the 1870s (O’Rourke and Williamson 1999, pp. 33-4).
71
Garraty and Carnes 2000, p. 405.
72
Luthin 1944, pp. 614-24. It should be remembered that, as a coalition between the protectionst Whigs and the western Democrats who wanted free distribution of public land but in general wanted free trade, the Republican party in its early days was not an openly protectionist party.
73
The plank read ‘[t]hat, while providing revenue for the support of the general government by duties upon imports, sound policy requires such an adjustment of these imports as to encourage the development of the industrial interests of the country; and we commend that policy of national exchanges, which secures to the working man liberal wages, to agriculture remunerative prices, to mechanics and manufacturers an adequate reward for their skill, labor, and enterprise, and to the nation commercial prosperity and independence’ (cited in Borit 1966, p. 309).
74
Luthin 1944, pp. 617-18; Borit 1966, pp. 302, 309-31. One eyewitness records: ‘The Pennsylvania and New Jersey delegations were terrific in their applause over the tariff resolution, and their hilarity was contagious, finally pervading the whole vast auditorium’. Another wrote: ‘The scene this evening upon the reading of the ‘Protection to Home Industries’ plank in the platform was beyond precedent. One thousand tongues yelled, ten thousand hats, caps and handkerchiefs waving with the wildest fervor. Frantic jubilation’. Both are cited in Luthin 1944, p. 617.
75
Luthin 1944, pp. 610-11; Fraysse 1986, pp. 99-100. One of Lincoln’s economic advisors was the famous protectionist economist Henry Carey (see below). Lincoln even appointed a close associate of Carey to a post in the Treasury in charge of tariffs, although Carey is known to have been frustrated by Lincoln’s unwillingness to take things as far as he wanted (Luthin 1944, pp. 627-9). Carey is reported to have said: ‘Protection made Mr. Lincoln president. Protection has given him all the success he’ has achieved, yet has he never, so far as I can recollect, bestowed upon her a single word of thanks. When he and she part company, he will go to the wall’ (his letter to Noah Swayne, enclosed as a copy in Swayne to Carey, February 4th, 1865, Carey Papers, Box 78; cited in Luthin 1944, p. 629).
76
The Republican Party was only formed in 1856 out of an alliance between Northern manufacturing interests and small farmers of the West.
77
Luthin 1944, pp. 624-5; Borit 1966, pp. 310-12.
78
Garraty and Carnes 2000, pp. 391-2, 414-15; Foner 1998, p. 92. In response to a newspaper editorial urging immediate slave emancipation, Lincoln wrote: ‘If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that’ (Garraty and Carnes 2000, p. 405).
79
Cochran and Miller 1942, p. 106.
80
However, the increase was considered so exceedingly high that even Congressman Justin Morrill, one of the architects of the 1862 Tariff Act, is reported to have commented in 1870 that ‘lilt is a mistake of the friends of a sound tariff to insist on the extreme rates imposed during the war’ (originally cited in F Taussig,
81
And at least for the earlier period, we cannot underestimate the natural protection accorded to the US manufacturing producers by the sheer distance from Europe, given high transportation costs (Bairoch 1993, p. 35).
82
Bairoch 1993, p. 37.
83
Bairoch 1993, pp. 37-8.
