{New York, International Publishers, 1953, cited in Fraysse 1994, p. 224, n. 46.
103
Reinert 1996, p. 5.
104
Reinert 1998, p. 296. The original source is F List, Gesammelte Werke, vol. V, p. 338.
105
Conkin 1980, pp. 287-8.
106
Luthin 1944, p. 616.
107
Trebilcock 1981, p. 41; see also Blackbourn 1997, p. 117. However, Tilly cites the Ph.D. thesis written in German by T Ohnishi at the University of G6ttingen, which demonstrates what he calls ‘surprisingly significant (and rising) protective effects’ of the Prussian Commercial Union tariff, which formed the basis of
108
Kindleberger 1978, p. 196; Fielden 1969, pp. 88-90.
109
Taylor 1955, is a classic text on Bismarck’s politics.
110
Blackbourn 1997, p. 320.
111
Trebilcock 1981, p. 26.
112
Henderson 1963, pp. 136-52.
113
Trebilcock 1981, pp. 26-7.
114
Henderson 1963; Trebilcock 1981, pp. 27-9.
115
Trebilcock 1981, pp. 27-8; Kindleberger 1978, p. 192; id. 1996, p. 153. Especially successful was support for the production of locomotives. In 1841, when August Borsig established his locomotive factory with Beuth’s help, all 20 of the locomotives in service in Germany were imported. By 1854, no locomotive was imported. Borsig produced 67 out of 69 locomotives bought in Germany and exported six to Poland and four to Denmark – ‘a classic example of effective import substitution leading to exports’ (Kindleberger 1996, p. 153).
116
Trebilcock 1981, pp. 28-9, 76. It is worth noting that scarcity of such talent was also one of the things that motivated the establishment of state-owned enterprises in many developing countries in the immediate postwar period (see Chang and Singh 1993, for further discussion on this point).
117
Milward and Saul 1979, p. 417.
118
Kindleberger 1978, p. 191; Balabkins 1988, p. 93. The reorientation of teaching is similar to what happened in Korea during the 1960s. During this time, the Korean government increased university places for science and technology subjects vis-a-vis humanities and social sciences. As a result, the ratio between these two subject groups changed from around 0.6 in the early 1960s to around one by the early 1980s. See You and Chang 1993 for further details.
119
Kindleberger 1978, pp. 199-200.
120
Milward and Saul 1979, p. 418.
121
Trebilcock 1981, pp. 77-8 .
122
On the role of the Junkers in the Prussian bureaucracy, see Dorwart 1953; Feuchtwanger 1970; Gothelf 2000.
123
Trebilcock 1981, pp. 79-80.
