1
World Bank 2002 is the most recent example.
2
Kapur and Webb 2000.
3
For a review of these studies, see Aron 2000. The institutional variables are often represented by various ‘indices’ constructed by consulting firms and research institutes based on surveys of experts or businessmen (for detailed discussions on these indicators, see Kaufmann et al. 1999).
4
Kaufman et al. 1999; Aron 2000; La Porta et al. 1999; Rodrik 1999.
5
E.g., Kapur and Webb 2000.
6
Crafts 2000 is a notable exception, but it only covers the UK experience and is focused on financial and corporate governance institutions.
7
Bardhan 1993, is a concise review; Rueschmeyer, Stephens and Stephens 1992, provides a comprehensive review; see also Przeworski and Limongi 1993.
8
Even Rodrik, who is known for exposing the intellectual weaknesses of the IDPE, agrees with this orthodoxy and goes as far as to argue that, as the ‘meta-institution’ that helps us build better institutions, democracy is the only appropriate ‘institutional conditionality’ that IFIs may attach to their financial assistance (see Rodrik 1999b).
9
Kent 1939.
10
Daunton 1995, pp. 477-8.
11
Clark 1996, p. 64.
12
Ritter 1990; Kreutzer 1996.
13
Garraty and Carnes 2000, pp. 445,473; Foner 1998, p. 154; Kruman 1991, p. 1,045.
14
Linz 1995; Carr 1980.
15
Nerb0rvik 1986, p. 125.
16
Foner 1998, p. 74.
17
See above; see also Therborn 1977; Silbey 1995.
18
For example, in 1814, about 45 per cent of men were already able to vote in Norway (Nerb0rvik 1986, p. 119). Compare this with the figure (cited above) for the UK (18 per cent in 1832). See id., p. 125; Kreutzer 1996.
19
Kreutzer 1996.
20
O’Leary 1962, pp. 23-5.
21
Searle 1979-80 and Howe 1979-80.
22
It also involved the manufacture of aliens into citizens with bribery, which was done ‘with no more solemnity than, and quite as much celerity as, is displayed in converting swine into pork in a Cincinnati packing
