The Filter Bubble

http://opimweb.wharton.upenn.e du/documents/research/Highbrow.pdf.

117 “want” movies like Sleepless in Seattle: Milkman, et al., “Highbrow Films Gather Dust.”

118 “nuances of what it means to be human”: John Battelle, phone interview with author, Oct. 12, 2010.

118 Google is working on it: Jonathan McPhie, phone interview with author, Oct. 13, 2010.

119 the “toxic knowledge” that might result: Mark Rothstein, as quoted in Cynthia L. Hackerott, J.D., and Martha Pedrick, J.D., “Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act Is a First Step; Won’t Solve the Problem,” Oct. 1, 2007, accessed Feb. 9, www.metrocorpcounsel.com/cu rrent.php?artType=view&artMonth=January&artYear=2011&EntryNo=7293.

119 “The digital ghost of Jay Gatz”: Siva Vaidyanathan, “Naked in the ‘Nonopticon,’” Chronicle Review 54, no. 23: B7.

120 “high cognition” arguments: Dean Eckles, phone interview with author, Nov. 9, 2010.

120 increase the effectiveness of marketing: Ibid.

122 pitches framed as sweepstakes: PK List Marketing, “Free to Me—Impulse Buyers,” accessed Jan. 28, 2011, www.pklistmarketing.com/Data%20Cards/Opportunity%20Seekers%20& %20Sweepstakes%20Participants/Cards/Free%20To%20Me%20-%20Impulse%20Buyers.htm.

123 “smartphone to be doing searches constantly”: Robert Andrews, “Google’s Schmidt: Autonomous, Fast Search Is ‘Our New Definition,’” paidContent, Sept. 7, 2010, accessed Dec. 15, 2010, http://paidcontent.co.uk/article/419-googles-schmidt-autonomous-fast-search-is-our-new- definition.

124 “ ‘Not-So-Minimal’ Consequences of Television News”: Shanto Iyengar, Mark D. Peters, and Donald R. Kinder, “Experimental Demonstrations of the ‘Not-So-Minimal’ Consequences of Television News Programs,” American Political Science Review 76, no. 4 (1982): 848–58.

124 “believe that defense or pollution”: Ibid.

124 strength of this priming effect: Drew Westen, The Political Brain: The Role of Emotion in Deciding the Fate of the Nation (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2007).

125 study by Hasher and Goldstein: Lynn Hasher and David Goldstein, “Frequency and the Conference of Referential Validity,” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour 16 (1977): 107–12.

126 “surrounded by downward-sloping land”: Matt Cohler, phone interview with author, Nov. 23, 2010.

128 results had been randomly redistributed: Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson, “Teachers’ Expectancies: Determinants of Pupils’ IQ Gains,” Psychological Reports, 19 (1966): 115–18.

129 “network-based categorizations”: Dalton Conley, Elsewhere, U.S.A.: How We Got from the Company Man, Family Dinners, and the Affluent Society to the Home Office, BlackBerry Moms, and Economic Anxiety (New York: Pantheon, 2008), 164.

130 “Model-T version of what’s possible”: Geoff Duncan, “Netflix Offers $1Mln for Good Movie Picks,” Digital Trends, Oct. 2, 2006, accessed Dec. 15, 2010, www.digitaltrends.com/computing/netflix-offers-1-mln-for-good-movie-picks.

130 “a PC and some great insight”: Katie Hafner, “And If You Liked the Movie, a Netflix Contest May Reward You Handsomely,” New York Times, Oct. 2, 2006, accessed Dec. 15, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2006/10/02/technolog y/02netflix.html.

131 success using social-graph data: Charlie Stryler, Marketing Panel at 2010 Social Graph Symposium, Microsoft Campus, Mountain View, CA, May 21, 2010.

132 “the creditworthiness of your friends”: Julia Angwin, “Web’s New Gold Mine,” Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2010, accessed on Feb. 7, 2011, http://online.wsj. com/article/SB10001424052748703940904575395073512989404.html.

133 reality doesn’t work that way: David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Harvard Classics, volume 37, Section VII, Part I, online edition, (P. F. Collier & Son; 1910), accessed Feb. 7, 2011, http://18th.eserver.org/hume-enquiry.html.

133 purpose of science, for Popper: Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (New York: Routledge, 1992).

135 “no more incidents or adventures in the world”: Fyodor Dostoevsky, Notes from Underground, trans. Richard Pevear and Laura Volokhonsky (New York: Random House, 1994), 24.

Chapter Five: The Public Is Irrelevant

137 “others who see what we see”: Hannah Arendt, The Portable Hannah Arendt (New York: Penguin, 2000), 199.

137 “neutralize the influence of the newspapers”: Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Penguin, 2001).

138 “a gross violation of Chinese sovereignty”: “NATO Hits Chinese Embassy,” BBC News, May 8, 1999, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/338424.stm.

138 “most vital are the largely anonymous online forums”: Tom Downey, “China’s Cyberposse,” New York Times, Mar. 3, 2010, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/magazine/07Human-t.html?pagewanted=1.

138 “an elite, wired section of the population”: Shanthi Kalathil and Taylor Boas, “Open Networks, Closed Regimes: The Impact of the Internet on Authoritarian Rule,” First Monday 8, no. 1–6 (2003).

139 “Shareholders want to make money”: Clive Thompson, “Google’s China Problem (and China’s Google Problem),” New York Times, Apr. 23, 2006, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/magazine/ 23google.html.

139 “What the government cares about”: James Fallows, “The Connection Has Been Reset,” Atlantic, Mar. 2008, accessed Dec. 17, 2010, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/03/-ldquo-the-connection-has-been-reset- rdquo/6650.