101. Like HUAC’s Thomas, Tenney relied heavily on information contained in FBI files, including the wartime records of army counterintelligence. California Legislature, Third Report: Un-American Activities in California, 1947 (Sacramento, Calif., 1947), 201–19.
102. “Investigator Reports on Atomic Laboratory,” San Francisco Chronicle, Nov. 7, 1947.
103. “Ex-U.C. Professor Isn’t Asked Details of FBI Man’s Story,” San Francisco Chronicle, Nov. 7, 1947.
104. Stern (1969), 112.
105. Lilienthal (1964), 377–78.
106. Everson to Kelly, Jan. 8, 1947, folder 16, carton 16, EOL.
107. Lilienthal (1964), 361–62; “Survey of Berkeley Area,” Aug. 15, 1947, no. 380.01, Central Correspondence series, AEC/NARA.
108. “Interim Procedure,” Apr. 15, 1948, folder 9, box 175, Neylan papers.
109. Wilson to J. Stewart, June 19, 1948, folder 9, box 175, Neylan papers.
110. In a letter to the AEC, Neylan defended Berkeley’s PSB. Neylan to Flaherty, Aug. 28, 1948, folder 2, box 171, Neylan papers.
111. Minutes, Aug. 25, 1949, no. 1203, JCAE.
112. Berkeley PSB: folder 9, box 175, Neylan papers.
113. Mrs. Hurley also came under suspicion for buying “folk song albums” at a Washington, D.C., book store reportedly owned by Communists. Pollman to Hurley, June 24, 1948, folder 9, box 175, Neylan papers.
114. Following the Hurley hearing, Latimer himself became a target of suspicion, in a letter by Neylan to the AEC. Latimer to Lilienthal, Aug. 10, 1948, and Neylan to Lilienthal, Aug. 12, 1948, folder 9, box 175, Neylan papers.
115. Neylan, “Findings in the Matter of Carl Robert Hurley,” n.d., folder 9, box 175. Ironically, the AEC wrote back to Neylan, asking for more details on why Berkeley’s PSB was denying Hurley a clearance—since the transcript of the hearing “tends to build up the employee’s case.” Tammaro to Neylan, Aug. 30, 1948, folder 9, box 175, Neylan papers.
116. Childs (1968), 406.
117. “Proceedings Before the Personnel Security Board of the Atomic Energy Commission, United States of America, in the Matter of Robert Serber,” n.d. The author thanks Robert Serber for a copy of the transcript of his PSB hearing.
118. “Findings in the Matter of Robert Serber,” n.d., folder 9, box 175, Neylan papers.
119. F. Oppenheimer to Lawrence, Oct. 25, 1948, carton 1, Frank Oppenheimer papers.
120. Elsie McMillan interview (1992).
121. “I don’t think Ernest minded that, but, as often the case, my wife said something sharper, and I think maybe he minded that.” Interview with Robert Oppenheimer, n.d., box 2, Childs papers.
122. Nuell Pharr Davis speculated that Lawrence learned the truth about Frank’s party membership from Hoover. Davis (1993), 275. But Ernest may also have had Fisk look into the matter. Fisk to Lawrence Aug. 18, 1948, folder 25, carton 32, EOL; Fisk to Oppenheimer, July 28, 1948, box 33, RO.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid. Velde: Walter Goodman The Committee: The Extraordinary Career of the House Committee on Un-American Activities (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968), 279–81. Although Truman issued a “freeze order,” forbidding members of the executive branch and the military from cooperating with the House committee, the order actually had little effect upon HUAC, which was seemingly already in possession of a comprehensive set of MED and FBI espionage files.
125. Stripling described HUAC’s strategy in a Sept. 7, 1948, telephone call to Hoover aide Louis Nichols. H. B. Fletcher to Ladd, Aug. 19, 1948, HUAC file, FBI.
126. “Martin D. Kamen Fired from Army Project at California U. After Talking to Reds,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Sept. 2, 1948; Kamen to Oppenheimer, Jan. 26, 1949, box 43, JRO; Kamen, 222.
127. Nelson et al. (1969), 291–95; Goodman (1968), 241.
128. U.S. Congress, HUAC, Report on Soviet Espionage Activities in Connection with the Atom Bomb, 80th Congress, 2nd sess., Sept. 28, 1948.
129. HUAC’s report left some doubt as to whether the committee’s real target was Soviet spies or the Truman administration, and specifically, Tom Clark. L. Day to Slavin, Sept. 23, 1948, HUAC file, FBI.
11: A Rather Puzzled Horror
1. Borden: Allardice to Westinghouse Security, July 3, 1953, and undated memo, Borden folder, box 105, JCAE; Gregg Herken, Counsels of War (Knopf, 1985), 10–14; author interview with William Borden, Washington, D.C., Nov. 30, 1981.
2. Stockpile: Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 450–51; Rosenberg (1982), 26; Hewlett and Duncan (1990), 178–79; Rhodes (1995), 361.
3. H-bomb Chronology, 23, JCAE.
4. Lilienthal to Clark, Sept. 28, 1948, Justice Department file, series 11, AEC/NARA.
5. Transcript of John Manley interview, box 1, Robert Oppenheimer Oral History Collection, MIT.
6. Minutes, Apr. 6, 1949, no. 1059, JCAE.
7. Borden interview (1981); Borden to Oppenheimer, Apr. 11, 1949, box 22, JRO.
8. Letters, folder 10, carton 6, EOL.
9. U.S. Congress, HUAC, Hearings Regarding Communist Infiltration of Radiation Laboratory and Atomic Bomb Project at the University of California, Berkeley, Calif. (1949 Rad Lab hearings), 81st Congress, 2nd sess., April–June 1949, vol. 1, 282.
10. U.S. Congress, HUAC, Hearings Regarding Steve Nelson, June 8, 1949, 128–53, and U.S. Congress, HUAC, Report on Atomic Espionage (Nelson-Weinberg and Hiskey-Adams Cases), 7; Nelson et al. (1969), 295.
11. Lomanitz interview (1996); Stern (1969), 120–24.
12. Wood’s deference may have had its roots in an earlier deal between HUAC and the Joint Committee. Author interview with Fred “Dusty” Rhodes, Washington, D.C., Nov. 2, 1998.
13. R. Oppenheimer to F. Oppenheimer, Sept. 18, 1948, unmarked folder, box 1, Frank Oppenheimer papers.
14. HUAC, 1949 Rad Lab hearings, vol. 1, 362.
15. Ibid., 373.
16. Bohm and Lomanitz: Peat (1997), 90–103.
17. Stern (1969), 124–29.
18. Ibid., 126.
19. Author interview with Judith Oppenheimer, San Jose, Calif., Apr. 30, 2001.
20. Lilienthal (1964), 488, 528. By summer 1947, there were no fewer than six bills before Congress to return control of atomic energy to the army. Hewlett and Duncan (1990), 91.
21. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, “Investigation into the U.S. Atomic Energy Project,” pt. 5, June 8, 1949, 224–27; AEC press release, June 13, 1949, no. 140804, CIC/DOE.
22. Volpe had earlier experienced Strauss’s vindictiveness. Volpe interview (1996).
23. Ibid.
24. Teller (2001), 259. “I keep wishing for someone to whom I could talk about physics, about politics or about any other subject,” Teller complained to Mayer that fall. Teller to
