37. Teller and Brown (1962), 46.
38. Acheson (1969), 347; Rhodes (1995), 405.
39. U.S. Department of State, FRUS: 1949 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976), vol. 1, 573–76; transcript of Warner Schilling interview, box 65, JRO.
40. Lilienthal (1964), 582; Arneson (1969), 25.
41. Jan. 31 meeting: Acheson (1969), 348–49; Lilienthal (1964), 623–32.
42. Lilienthal (1964), 632. Earlier, on Jan. 19, Souers had told Acheson that Truman thought the joint chiefs’ memo “made a lot of sense and he was inclined to think that was what we should do.” H-bomb decision: FRUS: 1950, vol. 1, 511; Herken (1980), 319–21.
43. Lilienthal (1964), 633.
44. Minutes, Jan. 31, 1950, no. CXXVI.
45. Davis, 316.
46. Author interview with Gordon Arneson, Washington, D.C., Oct. 19, 1979.
47. Pfau (1984), 123.
48. Minutes, Mar. 10, 1950, no. CXXXVIII, JCAE.
49. Pfau (1984), 124. Wilson had agreed to allow British members of the Anglo-American Combined Development Trust to have an office in AEC headquarters, where they could roam unescorted. One—Donald Maclean—was later found to have been passing secrets to the Soviets.
50. Cited in Galison and Bernstein, p. 311; “Hydrogen Bomb Secret Feared Given Russians,” Washington Post, Feb. 3, 1950.
51. Lilienthal (1964), 635.
52. Minutes, Feb. 4, 1950, no. 1371, and minutes, Feb. 6, 1950, no. 1376, JCAE. Hoover later passed MI-5’s interview with Fuchs along to the Joint Committee to prove his point. Minutes, Mar. 10, 1950, no. CXXXVIII, JCAE.
53. Wilson to McMahon, Mar. 14, 1950, series 10, AEC/NARA.
54. Lilienthal to McMahon, Feb. 7, 1950, series 10, AEC/NARA.
55. The damage report was not completed until late Apr. 1950. Boyer to Borden, Oct. 3, 1951, no. 2390, JCAE.
56. Minutes, Feb. 3, 1950, no. CXXXI, and Lilienthal to McMahon, Feb. 7, 1950, no. CXXII, JCAE.
57. Minutes, Feb. 27, 1950, FRUS: 1950, vol. 1, 173. In response to a Joint Committee inquiry as to when he thought the Russians might have an H-bomb, Oppenheimer wrote that it was his “conviction that what Fuchs may have told the Russians about thermonuclear weapons would prove substantially misleading.” Oppenheimer to Borden, December 1, 1952, no. 7807, JCAE.
58. Cited in Bernstein (1990), 1408.
59. Borden to Chairman, Nov. 3, 1952, no. DCXXXV, JCAE.
60. “I mean, it was pretty laconic,” Bradbury conceded of Carson Mark’s presentation. “Carson didn’t put himself out in the best Air Force briefer style.” Transcript of Bradbury interview, Bancroft Library.
61. Hewlett and Duncan (1990), 411–12.
62. Minutes, Nov. 8, 1949, no. LXXVI, JCAE.
63. Pike to LeBaron, Mar. 2, 1950, series 1, MLC folder, and Pike to McMahon, Mar. 2, 1950, series 4, “Classified Reading” file, AEC/NARA. MTA: Heilbron et al. (1981), 64–65; Hewlett and Duncan (1990), 425; Pitzer to Tammaro, Feb. 10, 1950, LBL.
64. Entries of Jan. 20, May 12, and Sept. 12, 1950, memos, Sproul papers; Sproul to Bradbury, May 2, 1950, Contract 48 file, LBL.
65. Ironically, all thirteen of the bills that Tenney proposed to the California legislature, requiring the oath, died in committee.
66. Oath controversy: George Stewart, The Year of the Oath: The Fight for Academic Freedom at the University of California (Da Capo, 1971); Sproul to Cooksey, Aug. 18, 1949, folder 14, carton 33, EOL. Neylan regularly received reports of closed meetings of the Academic Senate from the Rad Lab’s assistant personnel director. Documents in black binders, boxes 187–88, Neylan papers.
67. Fox decided to admit his Communist past after talking with Sproul, who reportedly assured him “that everything would be all right if he just told the truth.” David Fox, June 11, 1998, personal communication. Fox controversy: Stewart (1971), 42–46; Birge, vol. 5, XIX, 20–21, 44–45.
68. “[Birge] tells me that the physics department is sharply divided between two factions, one of which is led by the Rad. group (Alvarez, Lawrence, et al.), and the other by the more academic physicists (Segrè, Brode, et al.).” Jan. 2, 1950, memos, Sproul papers.
69. In Sept. 1950, Oppenheimer signed a statement condemning the regents’ stand on the oath. Oppenheimer et al., “UC-Group for Academic Freedom” folder, box 25, JRO.
70. Wick firing: Segrè (1993), 235; Reynolds to Everson, Sept. 28, 1950, “Loyalty Oath” file, box 7, LBL.
71. Birge, vol. 5, XIX, 53; Reynolds to file, Aug. 1, 1950, “Loyalty Oath” file, box 7, LBL. Observed Segrè of the oath’s effect upon Berkeley’s physics department: “For theory, it was a body blow; for experiment, something a bit less.” Segrè (1993), 235.
72. Teller’s letters to Mayer showed a range of conflicting feelings about whether to stay at Los Alamos, return to Chicago, or go to UCLA. Teller to Mayer, various letters, n.d. [Jan.–Oct. 1950], box 3, Mayer papers.
73. Teller to Mayer, n.d. [late Nov. 1950], box 3, Mayer papers.
74. Lawrence to Teller, Dec. 1, 1950; Teller to Lawrence, Dec. 5, 1950, folder 9, carton 17, EOL.
75. “You know that I did not mind signing the Oath—by now I have signed it four different times.” Teller to McMillan, Nov. 16, 1950, Teller file, series 4, McMillan papers, SBFRC.
76. Dec. 29, 1952, memos, Sproul papers.
77. Strauss had recently shown Defense Secretary Johnson four top-secret documents from the commission’s vault. All pertained to the hydrogen bomb and had been compromised by Fuchs, Strauss claimed. Ironically, one was apparently the 1946 Fuchs–von Neumann patent. Strauss refused to show the documents to his fellow commissioners.
78. “Basis for Estimating Maximum Soviet Capabilities for Atomic Warfare,” Feb. 16, 1950, “NSC Atomic Energy—Russia folder,” box 201, president’s secretary’s files, Harry Truman papers, Truman Library.
79. Rhodes (1995), 420–21.
80. Teller and de Hoffmann to Bradbury, Dec. 5, 1949, AEC/NARA. Wrote Teller to Bradbury in Dec. 1949: “It must be kept in mind that it is by no means certain that a super can be made at all.” Cited in Fitzpatrick (1998), 261.
81. The bomb was plainly too big and heavy to be carried by existing bombers. Lee Bowen, U.S. Air Force Historical Division, A History of the Air Force Atomic Energy Program, 1943–1953 (USAF history)(U.S. Air Force History office, n.d.), vol. 4, 188; Rhodes (1995), 379.
82. Wilson to Schlatter, Oct. 20, 1949, entry 197, and Feb. 3, 1950, series 26,
