27 http://people.brandeis.edu/~nmenon/Draft04_Womens_Empowerment_and_Economic_Development.pdf
28 https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/gender-responsive-orientation-document.pdf
29 Doss (2011)
30 http://www.poverty-action.org/study/demand-nontraditional-cookstoves-bangladesh
31 http://greenwatchbd.com/70000-improved-stoves-distributed-to-combat-indoor-pollution/
32 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412016307358
33 Crewe, Emma et al. (2015), ‘Building a Better Stove: The Sri Lanka Experience’, Practical Action, Sri Lanka
34 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412016307358
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.; https://www.unicef.org/health/files/health_africamalaria.pdf
37 http://greenwatchbd.com/70000-improved-stoves-distributed-to-combat-indoor-pollution/
38 https://www.unicef.org/environment/files/Bangladesh_Case_Study_2014.pdf
39 http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2012/4/green-cook-stoves-improving-women-s-lives-in-ghana#sthash.IZM4RsCG.dpuf
40 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412016307358
41 Crewe, Emma (1997), ‘The Silent Traditions of Developing Cooks’, in R. D. Grillo and R. L. Stirrat (eds.), Discourses of Development, Oxford
42 Ibid.
43 http://www.gender-summit.eu/images/Reports/Gender_and_inclusive_innovation_Gender_Summit_report.pdf
44 http://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2014/unwomen_surveyreport_advance_16oct.pdf?vs=2710
45 Fatema, Naureen (2005), ‘The Impact of Structural Gender Differences and its Consequences on Access to Energy in Rural Bangladesh’, Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), Energy Wing of the World Bank Group
46 Crewe (1997), in Grillo and Stirrat (eds.)
47 http://www.washplus.org/sites/default/files/bangladesh-consumer_preference2013.pdf
48 http://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/building-a-better-stove-the-sri-lanka-experience#
49 Crewe (1997), in Grillo and Stirrat (eds.)
50 http://www.ideasrilanka.org/PDFDownloads/Cook%20Stoves%20in%20Sri%20LAnka.pdf
51 http://www.gender-summit.eu/images/Reports/Gender_and_inclusive_innovation_Gender_Summit_report.pdf
52 http://www.gender-summit.eu/images/Reports/Gender_and_inclusive_innovation_Gender_Summit_report.pdf
53 http://www.poverty-action.org/study/demand-nontraditionalcookstoves-bangladesh
54 https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Abidjan_workshop_2016/SE_gender_GACC.PDF
55 https://news.yale.edu/2012/06/29/despite-efforts-change-bangladeshi-women-prefer-use-pollution-causing-cookstoves
56 Petrics et al. (2015)
57 http://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/building-abetter-stove-the-sri-lanka-experience#
58 https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Abidjan_workshop_2016/SE_gender_GACC.PDF
59 https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/how-a-simple-inexpensive-device-makes-a-three-stone-hearth-as-efficient-as-an-improved-cookstove/
60 Parigi, Fabio, Viscio, Michele Del, Amicabile, Simone, Testi, Matteo, Rao, Sailesh, Udaykumar, H. S. (2016), ‘High efficient Mewar Angithi stove testing in rural Kenya’, 7th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC)
61 http://www.green.it/mewar-angithi/
Chapter 8
1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5550584; http://www.who.int/gender/documents/Genderworkhealth.pdf; Boyle, Rhonda and Boyle, Robin (2009), ‘Hand Size and the Piano Keyboard. Literature Review and aSurvey of the Technical and Musical Benefits for Pianists using Reduced-Size Keyboards in North America’, 9th Australasian Piano Pedagogy Conference, Sydney; Boyle, Rhonda, Boyle, Robin and Booker, Erica (2015), ‘Pianist Hand Spans: Gender and Ethnic Differences and Implications For Piano Playing, 15th Australasian Piano Pedagogy Conference, Melbourne 2015
2 Boyle, Boyle and Booker (2015); Boyle and Boyle (2009)
3 Boyle, Boyle and Booker (2015)
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 http://www.smallpianokeyboards.org/hand-span-data.html
7 ‘Small hands? Try this Keyboard, You’ll Like It’, Piano & Keyboard Magazine (July/August 1998)
8 Boyle, Boyle and Booker (2015)
9 https://deviceatlas.com/blog/most-popular-smartphone-screen-sizes-2017
10 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/iphone/11335574/Women-more-likely-to-own-an-iPhone-than-men.html
11 https://medium.com/technology-and-society/its-a-mans-phone-a26c6-bee1b69#.mk7sjtewi
12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1013702515300270
13 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050641108001909
14 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1013702515300270
15 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0169814115300512/1-s2.0-S0169814115300512-main.pdf?_tid=4235fa34-f81e-11e6-a430-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1487672132_c2148a0040def1129abc7acffe03e57d
16 Ibid.
17 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169814116300646; http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0003687011000962/1-s2.0-S0003687011000962-main.pdf?_tid=f0a12b58-f81d-11e6-af6b-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1487671995_41cfe19ea98e87fb7e3e693bdddaba6e; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050641108001909
18 https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2016/7/14/12187580/keecok1-hexagon-phone-for-women
19 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/askjack/2016/apr/21/can-speech-recognition-software-help-prevent-rsi
20 https://makingnoiseandhearingthings.com/2016/07/12/googles-speech-recognition-has-a-gender-bias/
21 http://blog-archive.griddynamics.com/2016/01/automatic-speech-recognition-services.html
22 https://www.autoblog.com/2011/05/31/women-voice-command-systems/
23 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27435949
24 American Roentgen Ray Society (2007), ‘Voice Recognition Systems Seem To Make More Errors With Women’s Dictation’, ScienceDaily, 6 May 2007; Rodger, James A. and Pendharkar, Parag C. (2007), ‘A field study of database communication issues peculiar to users of a voice activated medical tracking application’, Decision Support Systems, 43:1 (1 February 2007), 168–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2006.08.005.
25 American Roentgen Ray Society (2007)
26 http://techland.time.com/2011/06/01/its-not-you-its-it-voice-recognition-doesnt-recognize-women/
27 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2994697/
28 http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P08-1044
29 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2790192/
30 http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P08-1044
31 http://groups.inf.ed.ac.uk/ami/corpus/; http://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/Speech/papers/gelbart-ms/numbers/; http://www.voxforge.org/
32 http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/corpus/index.xml?ID=intro
33 http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/docs/URG/BNCdes.html#body.1_div.1_div.5_div.1
34 https://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/5
35 For example: he = 633,413, she = 350,294, himself = 28,696, herself = 15,751
36 He = 3,825,660, she = 2,002,536, himself = 140,087, herself = 70,509
37 Chang, K., Ordonez, V., Wang, T., Yatskar, M. and Zhao, J. (2017), ‘Men Also Like Shopping: Reducing Gender Bias Amplification using Corpus-level Constraints’, CoRR, abs/1707.09457.
38 https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015–04/uow-wac040915.php
39 Caliskan, A., Bryson, J. J. and Narayanan, A. (2017), ‘Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases’, Science, 356:6334, 183–6, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4230
40 Bolukbasi, Tolga, Chang, Kai-Wei, Zou, James, Saligrama, Venkatesh and Kalai, Adam (2016), ‘Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings’, 30th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2016), Barcelona, http://papers.nips.cc/paper/6228-man-is-to-computer-programmer-as-woman-is-to-homemaker-debiasing-word-embeddings.pdf
41 Chang et al. (2017)
42 https://www.wired.com/story/machines-taught-by-photos-learn-a-sexist-view-of-women?mbid=social_fb
43 https://metode.org/issues/monographs/londa-schiebinger.html
44 https://phys.org/news/2016–09-gender-bias-algorithms.html
45 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/01/how-algorithms-rule-our-working-lives
46 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/04/robots-screen-candidates-for-jobs-artificial-intelligence?CMP=twt_gu
47 https://www.techemergence.com/machine-learning-medical-diagnostics-4-current-applications/
48 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-42357257
49 Bolukbasi et al. (2016)
Chapter 9
1 https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2017–09-21/a-smart-breast-pump-mothers-love-it-vcs-don-t
2 Ibid.
3 https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/why-arent-mothers-worth-anything-to-venture-capitalists/amp
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 https://hbr.org/2017/05/we-recorded-vcs-conversations-and-analyzed-how-differently-they-talk-about-female-entrepreneurs
8 https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/why-arent-mothers-worth-anything-to-venture-capitalists/amp
9 https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/why-women-owned-startups-are-better-bet.aspx
10 https://www.bi.edu/research/business-review/articles/2014/03/personality-for-leadership/
11 https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/how-diverse-leadership-teams-boost-innovation.aspx
12 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-39567240
13 http://blogs.wsj.com/accelerators/2014/08/08/theresia-gouw-no-more-pipeline-excuses/
14 http://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6323/389
15 http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/25/6844021/apple-promised-an-expansive-health-app-so-why-cant-i-track
16 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/12/how-self-tracking-apps-exclude-women/383673/; http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/25/6844021/apple-promised-an-expansive-health-app-so-why-cant-i-track; http://www.techtimes.com/articles/16574/20140926/apple-healthkit-period-tracker.htm; http://nymag.com/thecut/2014/09/new-iphone-grossed-outby-our-periods.html
17 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8930130/Apple-iPhone-search-Siri-helps-users-find-prostitutes-and-Viagra-but-not-an-abortion.html
18 https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/14/hey-siri-can-i-rely-on-youin-a-crisis-not-always-a-study-finds/
19 https://medium.com/hh-design/the-world-is-designed-for-mend06640654491#.piekpq2tt
20 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/12/how-self-tracking-apps-exclude-women/383673/
21 Lupton, Deborah (2015), ‘Quantified sex: a critical analysis of sexual and reproductive self-tracking using apps’, Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17:4
22 Nelson, M. Benjamin, Kaminsky, Leonard A., D. Dickin, Clark and Montoye, Alexander H. K. (2016), ‘Validity of Consumer-Based Physical Activity Monitors for Specific Activity Types’, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48:8, 1619–28
23 Murakami, H, Kawakami, R., Nakae, S., Nakata, Y., Ishikawa-Takata, K., Tanaka, S. and Miyachi, M. (2016), ‘Accuracy of Wearable Devices for Estimating Total Energy Expenditure: Comparison With Metabolic Chamber and Doubly Labeled Water Method’, JAMA Internal Medicine, 176:5, 702–3
24 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/robots.html#tabs-2
25 Wolfson, Leslie, Whipple, Robert, Derby, Carl A., Amerman, Paula and Nashner, Lewis (1994), Gender Differences in the Balance of Healthy Elderly as Demonstrated by Dynamic Posturography, Journal of Gerontology, 49:4, 160–167; Stevens, J. A. and Sogolow, E. D. (2005), ‘Gender differences for non-fatal unintentional fall related injuries among older adults’, Injury Prevention, 11, 115–19
26 Ibid.
27 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4750302/
28 Chang, Vicky C. and Minh, T. (2015), ‘Risk Factors for Falls Among Seniors: Implications of Gender’, American Journal of Epidemiology, 181:7, 521–31
29 Yin, Hujun et al eds. (2016) Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference, Yangzhou China
30 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/12/how-self-tracking-apps-exclude-women/383673/
31 https://www.afdb.org/en/blogs/investing-in-gender-equality-for-africa%E2%80%99s-transformation/post/technology-women-and-africa-access-use-creation-and-leadership-13999/]
32 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016–06-23/artificial-intelligence-has-a-sea-of-dudes-problem
33 http://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/january-february-2014/areyou-sure-your-software-is-gender-neutral
34 http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/16/women-vs-the-machine/
35 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016–06-23/artificial-intelligence-has-a-sea-of-dudes-problem
36 https://www.ncwit.org/sites/default/files/resources/btn_03232017_web.pdf
37 https://www.ft.com/content/ca324dcc-dcb0-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6
38 https://www.theverge.com/2016/1/11/10749932/vr-hardware-needs-to-fit-women-too
39 https://mic.com/articles/142579/virtual-reality-has-a-sexual-harassment-problem-what-can-we-do-to-stop-it#.ISQgjAanK
40 https://mic.com/articles/157415/my-first-virtual-reality-groping-sexual-assault-in-vr-harassment-in-tech-jordan-belamire#.5lnAqHFW1
41 http://uploadvr.com/dealing-with-harassment-in-vr/
42 Ibid.
43 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2115648-posture-could-explain-why-women-get-more-vr-sickness-than-men/
44 https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3628-women-need-widescreenfor-virtual-navigation
45 https://qz.com/192874/is-the-oculus-rift-designed-to-be-sexist/
46 https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/female-dummy-makes-her-mark-on-male-dominated-crash-tests/2012/03/07/gIQANBLjaS_story.html?utm_term=.5ec23738142a
47 ‘Gendered Innovations: How Gender Analysis Contributes to Research’ (2013), report of the Expert Group ‘Innovation Through Gender’ (chairperson: Londa Schiebinger, rapporteur: Ineke Klinge), Directorate General for Research and Innovation, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union
48 https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811766
49 https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/female-dummy-makes-her-mark-on-male-dominated-crash-tests/2012/03/07/gIQANBLjaS_story.html?utm_term=.5ec23738142a
50 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/crash.html#tabs-2
51 Ibid.
52 https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/female-dummy-makes-her-mark-on-male-dominated-crash-tests/2012/03/07/gIQANBLjaS_story.html?utm_term=.5ec23738142a
53 Linder, Astrid and Svedberg, Wanna (2018), ‘Occupant Safety Assessment in European Regulatory Tests: Review of Occupant Models, Gaps and Suggestion for Bridging Any Gaps’, conference paper, ‘Road Safety on Five Continents’ South Korea, May 2018
54 http://sciencenordic.com/gender-equality-crash-test-dummies-too
55 Linder and Svedberg (2018)
56 United States Government Publishing Office, ‘U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. 2011. 49 CFR U, -2RE Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male’. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2011-title49-vol7/CFR-2011-title49-vol7-part572-subpartU
57 Linder and Svedberg (2018)
58 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/crash.html#tabs-2
59 http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/leru-paper-gendered-research-and-innovation.pdf; Londa Schiebinger and Martina Schraudner (2011), ‘Inter-disciplinary Approaches to Achieving Gendered Innovations in Science, Medicine, and Engineering’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 36:2 (June 2011), 154–67
60 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/crash.html#tabs-2
61 ‘Gendered Innovations: How Gender Analysis Contributes to Research’ (2013)
62 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/crash.html#tabs-2
63 https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/female-dummy-makes-her-mark-on-male-dominated-crash-tests/2012/03/07/gIQANBLjaS_story.html?utm_term=.5ec23738142a
64 ‘Gendered Innovations: How Gender Analysis Contributes to Research’ (2013)
65 http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities.pdf; http://www.wnyc.org/story/283137-census-data-show-public-transit-gender-gap/
66 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:41f89a28-1fc6-4c92-b1c8-03327d1b1ecc.0007.02/DOC_1&format=PDF
Chapter 10
1 Marts, Sherry A. and Keitt, Sarah (2004), ‘Principles of Sex-based Differences in Physiology: Foreword: a historical overview of advocacy for research in sex based biology’, Advances in Molecular and Cell Biology, 34, 1–333
2 A Medline search shows that the male norm remains, as practice guidelines and research examples are still often expressed in terms of the typical 70 kg man: Marts and Keitt (2004)
3 Pages 17–18
4 Plataforma SINC (2008), ‘Medical Textbooks Use White, Heterosexual Men As A ‘Universal Model’, ScienceDaily, <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081015132108.htm>.
5 Dijkstra, A. F, Verdonk, P. and Lagro-Janssen, A. L. M. (2008), ‘Gender bias in medical textbooks: examples from coronary heart disease, depression, alcohol abuse and pharmacology’, Medical Education, 42:10, 1021–8
6 http://www.marieclaire.com/health-fitness/a26741/doctors-treat-women-like-men/
7 Dijkstra et al. (2008)
8 Henrich, Janet B. and Viscoli, Catherine M. (2006), ‘What Do Medical Schools Teach about Women’s Health and Gender Differences?’ Academic Medicine, 81:5
9 Song, Michael M. Jones, Betsy G. and Casanova, Robert A. (2016), ‘Auditing sex- and gender-based medicine (SGBM) content in medical school curriculum: a student scholar model’, Biology of Sex
