10 Marts and Keitt (2004)
11 Karp, Natasha A. et al (2017), ‘Prevalence of sexual dimorphism in mammalian phenotypic traits’, Nature Communications, 8:15475
12 Martha L. Blair (2007), ‘Sex-based differences in physiology: what should we teach in the medical curriculum?’, Advanced Physiological Education, 31, 23–5
13 Ibid.
14 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800017/ Jan 2016
15 https://theconversation.com/man-flu-is-real-but-women-get-more-autoimmune-diseases-and-allergies-77248
16 https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/why-do-autoimmune-diseases-affect-women-more-often-than-men/2016/10/17/3e224db2-8429-11e6-ac72-a29979381495_story.html?utm_term=.acef157fc395
17 http://www.nature.com/news/infections-reveal-inequality-between-the-sexes-1.20131?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews
18 Ibid.
19 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157517/
20 Ibid.
21 http://docs.autismresearchcentre.com/papers/2010_Schwartz_SexSpecific_MolAut.pdf
22 Clayton, Janine Austin (2015), ‘Studying both sexes: a guiding principle for biomedicine’, http://www.fasebj.org/content/early/2015/10/28/fj.15–279554.full.pdf+html
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 https://theconversation.com/not-just-about-sex-throughout-our-bodies-thousands-of-genes-act-differently-in-men-and-women-86613
26 Holdcroft, Anita, Snidvongs, Saowarat and Berkley, Karen J. (2011), ‘Incorporating Gender and Sex Dimensions in Medical Research’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 36:2, 180–92
27 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015, ZonMw, Netherlands, http://www.genderportal.eu/sites/default/files/resource_pool/Gender%20%26%20Health%20Knowledge%20Agenda_0.pdf
28 Pollitzer, Elizabeth (2013), ‘Cell sex matters’, Nature, 500, 23–24
29 Londa Schiebinger (2014), ‘Gendered innovations: harnessing the creative power of sex and gender analysis to discover new ideas and develop new technologies’, Triple Helix, 1:9
30 Cristiana Vitale et al. (2017), ‘Under-representation of elderly and women in clinical trials’, International Journal of Cardiology, 232, 216–21
31 The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (2014), ‘Women and HIV/AIDS in the United States’; women also experience different clinical symptoms and complications due to HIV disease
32 http://www.who.int/gender/hiv_aids/hivaids1103.pdf
33 Curno, Mirjam J. et al. (2016), ‘A Systematic Review of the Inclusion (or Exclusion) of Women in HIV Research: From Clinical Studies of Antiretrovirals and Vaccines to Cure Strategies’, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 1:71(2) (February 2016),. 181–8
34 http://www.wpro.who.int/topics/gender_issues/Takingsexandgenderintoaccount.pdf
35 Ibid.
36 Hughes, Robert N. (2007), ‘Sex does matter: comments on the prevalence of male-only investigations of drug effects on rodent behaviour’, Behavioural Pharmacology, 18:7, 583–9
37 http://helix.northwestern.edu/article/thalidomide-tragedy-lessons-drug-safety-and-regulation
38 https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-50-year-global-cover-up-20120725-22r5c.html
39 http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/controversies/thalidomide
40 Marts and Keitt (2004)
41 http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/08/20/why-are-so-many-women-dying-from-ebola/
42 R. D. Fields (2014), ‘Vive la différence requiring medical researchers to test males and females in every experiment sounds reasonable, but it is a bad idea’, Scientific American, 311, 14
43 Richardson, S. S., Reiches, M., Shattuck-Heidorn, H., LaBonte, M. L. and Consoli, T. (2015), ‘Opinion: focus on preclinical sex differences will not address women’s and men’s health disparities’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 112, 13419–20
44 Holdcroft, Anita (2007) ‘Gender bias in research: how does it affect evidence based medicine?’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 100
45 Ibarra, Manuel, Vázquez, Marta and Fagiolino, Pietro (2017), ‘Sex Effect on Average Bioequivalence’, Clinical Therapeutics, 39:1, 23–33
46 Mergaert, Lut and Lombardo, Emanuela (2014), ‘Resistance to implementing gender mainstreaming in EU research policy’, in Weiner, Elaine and MacRae, Heather (eds.), ‘The persistent invisibility of gender in EU policy’, European Integration online Papers (EIoP), special issue 1, Vol. 18, Article 5, 1–21
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Hughes (2007)
50 Pinnow, Ellen, Herz, Naomi, Loyo-Berrios, Nilsa and Tarver, Michelle (2014), ‘Enrollment and Monitoring of Women in Post-Approval Studies for Medical Devices Mandated by the Food and Drug Adminstration’, Journal of Women’s Health, 23:3 (March 2014), 218–23
51 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002870310000864
52 Labots, G., Jones, A., Visser, S. J. de, Rissmann, R. and Burggraaf, J. (2018), ‘Gender differences in clinical registration trials: is there a real problem?’, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
53 McGregor, Alyson J. (2017), ‘The Effects of Sex and Gender on Pharmacologic Toxicity: Implications for Clinical Therapy’, Clinical Therapeutics, 39:1
54 Ibid.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Bruinvels, G. et al. (2016), ‘Sport, exercise and the menstrual cycle: where is the research?’, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51:6, 487–488
58 Zopf, Y. et al. (2008), ‘Women encounter ADRs more often than do men’, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 64:999
59 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC198535/
60 Soldin, Offie P., Chung, Sarah H. and Mattison, Donald R. (2011), ‘Sex Differences in Drug Disposition’, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2011:187103; Anderson, Gail D. (2005), ‘Sex And Racial Differences In Pharmacological Response: Where Is The Evidence? Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics’, Journal of Women’s Health, 14:1, http://online.liebertpub.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/pdf/10.1089/jwh.2005.14.19
61 Anderson (2005)
62 Hughes (2007)
63 Yoon, Dustin Y. et al. (2014), ‘Sex bias exists in basic science and translational surgical research’, Surgery, 156:3, 508–16
64 https://thinkprogress.org/scientists-avoid-studying-womens-bodies-because-they-get-periods-3fe9d6c39268/
65 Yoon et al. (2014)
66 Karp (2017)
67 Hughes (2007)
68 Yoon et al. (2014)
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid.
71 Ortona, Elena, Delunardo, Federica, Baggio, Giovannella and Malorni, Walter (2016), ‘A sex and gender perspective in medicine: A new Mandatory Challenge For Human Health’, Ann Ist Super Sanità, 52:2, 146–8
72 J. Peretz et al. (2016), ‘Estrogenic compounds reduce influenza A virus in primary human nasal epithelial cells derived from female, but not male, donors’, American Journal of Physiology, 310:5, 415–425
73 http://protomag.com/articles/pain-women-pain-men
74 https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28064-female-viagra-has-been-approved-heres-what-you-need-to-know/
75 Anderson (2005); Whitley, Heather P. and Lindsey, Wesley (2009), ‘Sex-Based Differences in Drug Activity’, American Family Physician, 80:11 (December 2009), 1254–8
76 https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/022526REMS.pdf
77 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800017/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20799923; Howard, Louise M., Ehrlich, Anna M., Gamlen, Freya and Oram, Sian (2017), ‘Gender-neutral mental health research is sex and gender biased’, Lancet Psychiatry, 4:1, 9–11
78 Marts and Keitt (2004)
79 Parekh, A., Sanhai, W., Marts, S. and Uhl, K. (2007), ‘Advancing women’s health via FDA Critical Path Initiative’, Drug Discovery Today: Technologies, 4:2
80 http://www.nature.com/news/infections-reveal-inequality-between-the-sexes-1.20131?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews
81 Yoon et al. (2014)
82 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/colon.html#tabs-2
83 Devries, Michaela C. (2016), ‘Sex-based differences in endurance exercise muscle metabolism: impact on exercise and nutritional strategies to optimize health and performance in women’, Experimental Physiology, 101:2, 243–9
84 Schiebinger (2014)
85 Zusterzeel, R. et al. (2014), ‘Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Women: US Food and Drug Administration Meta-analysis of Patient-Level Data’, JAMA Internal Medicine, 174:8, 1340–8
86 Woodruff, Teresa K. (2014), ‘Sex, equity, and science’, PNAS, 111:14, 5,063–4
87 Nowak, Bernd et al. (2010), ‘Do gender differences exist in pacemaker implantation?–results of an obligatory external quality control program’, Europace, 12, 210–15
88 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-worlds-first-true-artificial-heart-now-beats-inside-a-75-year-old-patient-180948280/?no-ist
89 http://www.syncardia.com/medical-professionals/two-sizes-70cc-50cc.html
90 Sardeli, Amanda Veiga and Chacon-Mikahil, Mara Patricia T. (2016), ‘Exercise-Induced Increase as a Risk Factor for Central Arterial Stiffness’, Journal of Archives in Military Medicine; http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/110/18/2858; http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/728571; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267567
91 Collier, Scott R. (2008), ‘Sex Differences in the Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness’, Gender Medicine, 5:2
92 Ibid.
93 Devries (2016)
94 Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2008), ‘Sex Differences in Exercise Metabolism and the Role of 17-Beta Estradiol’, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40:4, 648–54
95 Dick, R. W. (2009), ‘Is there a gender difference in concussion incidence and outcomes?’, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, Suppl. I, i46–i50, DOI:10.1136/bjsm.2009.058172
96 https://thinkprogress.org/scientists-avoid-studying-womens-bodies-because-they-get-periods-3fe9d6c39268/)
97 Hunter, Sandra K. (2016), ‘Sex differences in fatigability of dynamic contractions’, Experimental Physiology, 101:2, 250–5
98 Jutte, Lisa S., Hawkins, Jeremy, Miller, Kevin C., Long, Blaine C. and Knight, Kenneth L. (2012), ‘Skinfold Thickness at 8 Common
