17 Pohl, Verfolgung, 95.
18 On 17 April, see Pohl, “Znaczenie,” 49. On 1 June, see “Oboz zaglady,” 134.
19 Grabher, Eberl, 70, 74.
20 On Frank, see Arad, Reinhard, 46; Berenstein, “Praca,” 87; and Kershaw, Final Solution, 106. On the Trawniki men, see Mlynarczyk, “Akcja,” 55.
21 Quotation: Longerich, Himmler, 588.
22 Friedlander, Extermination, 349.
23 Gerlach, “Wannsee,” 791. See also Pohl, “Znaczenie,” 49.
24 Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 365, 549.
25 Gutman, Resistance, 198. Compare Aly, Architects, 211.
26 Quotation: Witte, “New Document,” 477.
27 Arad, Reinhard, 61; Mlynarczyk, “Akcja,” 55; Urynowicz, “Zaglada,” 108; Friedlander, Extermination, 428; Hilburg, “Ghetto,” 108. On the promised bread and marmalade, see Berenstein, “Praca,” 142. Quotation: FVA 2327.
28 Engelking, Getto, 661-665; Gutman, Resistance, 142.
29 Urynowicz, “Zaglada,” 108-109; Trunk, Judenrat, 507.
30 Urynowicz, “Zaglada,” 109-111. See also Gutman, Resistance, 142.
31 On Korczak, see Kassow, History, 268; and Friedlander, Extermination, 429. Quotation: Engelking, Getto, 676.
32 For the cited figures, see Friedlander, Extermination, 230. Higher estimates are in Drozdowski, “History,” 192 (315,000), and Bartoszewski, Warszawski pierscien, 195 (310,322).
33 “Treblinka,” 174. On the payment “in kind,” see Trunk, Judenrat, 512.
34 On the sweat, see Arad, Reinhard, 64. On the fields and forests, see Wdowinski, Saved, 69.
35 On Wiernik, see Kopowka, Treblinka, 28.
36 Arad, Reinhard, 81; Mlynarczyk, “Treblinka,” 266; “Oboz zaglady,” 141; Krolikowski, “Budowalem,” 49.
37 On 22 August, see Evans, Third Reich at War, 290. On 23 August, see Mlynarczyk, “Treblinka,” 262. On 24 August, see Wiernik, Year, 8. On 25 August, see Krzepicki, “Treblinka,” 98. On 26 August, see Shoah 02694, in FVA. Stangl quotation (21 August): Sereny, Darkness, 157.
38 Arad, Reinhard, 87.
39 Wdowinski, Saved, 78; Arad, Reinhard, 65.
40 Stangl quotation: Arad, Reinhard, 186.
41 On Franz, see Arad, Reinhard, 189; Kopowka, Treblinka, 32; Glazar, Falle, 118; and “Treblinka,” 194.
42 On the Polish government, see Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 36-53. On the contemplated attack, see Libionka, “Polska konspiracja,” 482. On the postcards, see Hilberg, “Judenrat,” 34. On the postal service, see Sakowska, Ludzie, 312.
43 On the “clinic,” see “Oboz zaglady,” 137; Glazar, Falle, 51; Arad, Reinhard, 122; and Mlynarczyk, “Treblinka,” 267. On the “station,” see “Oboz zaglady,” 137; Arad, Reinhard, 123; and Willenberg, Revolt, 96. On the orchestra, see “Tremblinki,” 40; and “Treblinka,” 193. On the Yiddish, see Krzepicki, “Treblinka,” 89.
44 “Treblinka,” 178; Arad, Reinhard, 37; Mlynarczyk, “Treblinka,” 269. On the rapes, see Willenberg, Revolt, 105.
45 Arad, Reinhard, 108; Mlynarczyk, “Treblinka,” 267; Willenberg, Revolt, 65.
46 Arad, Reinhard, 119; Mlynarczyk, “Treblinka,” 259, 269.
47 Kopowka, Treblinka, 34; Mlynarczyk, “Treblinka,” 263, 269. On the “metamorphosis,” see Rajchman, Le dernier Juif, 88.
48 Rajgrodzki, “W obozie zaglady,” 107. Arad, Reinhard, 174. On the Germans warming themselves, see Wiernik, Year, 29. On the women naked in the cold, see Rajchman, Le dernier Juif, 96.
49 For “It’s no use,” see Rajchman, Le dernier Juif, 33. On the embrace and Ruth Dorfmann, see Willenberg, Revolt, 56, 65.
50 On the local economy, see Willenberg, Revolt, 30; and Rusiniak, Oboz, 26. On “Europe,” see Rusiniak, Oboz, 27.
51 Friedlander, Extermination, 598. On Stalingrad, see Rajgrodzki, “W obozie zaglady,” 109.
52 On the dismantling, see Arad, Reinhard, 373. On Operation Harvest Festival (Erntefest), see Arad, Reinhard, 366. Some 15,000 Bialystok Jews were also shot; see Bender, “Bialystok,” 25.
53 The sources of the Treblinka count are Witte, “New Document,” 472, which provides the Germans’ count for 1942 of 713,555 (intercepted by the British); and Judenmord, 275. Wiernik claims that there were two transports of (uncircumcised) Poles; see Year, 35. “Oboz zaglady,” a report published in Warsaw in early 1946, gives the estimate 731,600, and provides much basic information.
54 Rusiniak, Oboz, 20.
55 Kamenec, “Holocaust,” 200-201; Kamenec, “Deportation,” 116, 123, figure at 130.
56 Hilberg, Destruction (vol. III), 939, 951; Browning, Origins, 421.
57 Compare Brandon, “Holocaust in 1942”; Dwork, Auschwitz, 326.
58 Pohl, Verfolgung, 107; Hilberg, Destruction (vol. III), 959; Stark, Hungarian Jews, 30; Dlugoborski, “Zydzi,” 147.
59 Although we know the number of dead in these facilities with some precision, the precise number of Polish Jews is difficult to extract from the larger figure. Although Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzec were primarily killing centers for the Polish Jews of the General Government, other people also died in these three places, especially in 1943: Czechoslovak Jews, German Jews, Dutch Jews, French Jews, as well as Poles and Roma.
60 On the Roma, see Pohl, Verfolgung, 113-116; Evans, Third Reich at War, 72-73, 531-535; and Klein, “Gottberg,” 99.
61 For the “wonderful song,” see Glazar, 57. On music as “revolutionary,” see Rajgrodzki, “W obozie zaglady,” 109. On “el male rachamim,” see Arad, Reinhard, 216.
