Bloodlands

6 On fighting for the restoration of Poland as a democratic republic, see Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 19, 23, 34. On the NKVD, see Engelking, Zydzi, 147.

7 Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 24.

8 Wdowinski, Saved, 78; Arens, “Jewish Military,” 205.

9 Wdowinski, Saved, 79, 82; Libionka, “Pomnik,” 110; Libionka, “Deconstructing,” 4; Libionka, “Apokryfy,” 166.

10 On Agudas Israel, see Bacon, Politics of Tradition.

11 The story of the formation of the Jewish Combat Organization is complex. See Sakowska, Ludzie, 322-325; and Zuckerman, Surplus.

12 On the rescue organization, see Bartoszewski, Warszawski pierscien, 16; and Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 27, 33, 36, 39, 56.

13 Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 60, 71.

14 Bartoszewski, Ten jest, 32; Sakowska, Ludzie, 321, quotation (Marek Lichtenbaum) at 326.

15 Gutman, Resistance, 198.

16 Engelking, Warsaw Ghetto, 763; Kopka, Warschau, 33-34.

17 On the arms cache, see Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 69; and Moczarski, Rozmowy, 232. On the anti-Semitic minority, see Engelking, Zydzi, 193, and passim.

18 Quotation (Himmler): Kopka, Warschau, 36.

19 Szapiro, Wojna, 9; Milton, Stroop, passim; Libionka, “Polska konspiracja,” 472.

20 Quotation (Gustawa Jarecka): Kassow, History, 183.

21 Engelking, Warsaw Ghetto, 774; Engelking, Getto warszawskie, 733; Gutman, Resistance, 201.

22 Szapiro, Wojna, passim; also Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 82.

23 Quotations: Zuckerman, Surplus, 357; Szapiro, Wojna, 35.

24 On the flags, see Milton, Stroop. Quotation: Moczarski, Rozmowy, 200.

25 The Edelman testimony is in “Proces Stroopa Tom 1,” SWMW-874, IVk 222/51, now at IPN.

26 Moczarski, Rozmowy, 252, quotation at 253.

27 Engelking, Warsaw Ghetto, 794.

28 Pulawski, W obliczu, 412, 420-421, 446. On the pope, see Libionka, “Glowa w mur.”

29 Quotation: Engelking, Warsaw Ghetto, 795. On the eleven attempts to help Jews, see Engelking, Getto warszawskie, 745; and Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 79. On the Soviet propaganda, see Redlich, Propaganda, 49.

30 On Wilner, see Sakowska, Ludzie, 326.

31 Quotation: Engelking, Getto warszawskie, 750; Gutman, Resistance, 247; Marrus, “Jewish Resistance,” 98; Friedlander, Extermination, 598.

32 For the numbers cited, see Bartoszewski, Warszawski pierscien, 256. On 1 June 1943, see Kopka, Warschau, 39.

33 See Zimmerman, “Attitude,” 120; and Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 119-123.

34 Bartoszewski, Warszawski pierscien, 242.

35 Madajczyk, “Generalplan,” 15; Rutherford, Prelude, 218; Aly, Architects, 275; Ahonen, People, 39.

36 On March 1943, see Borodziej, Uprising, 41. On the extermination of Jews as a motive, see Pulawski, W obliczu, 442. For the 6,214 instances of partisan resistance, see BA-MA, RH 53-23 (WiG), 66.

37 On 13 October 1943, see Bartoszewski, Warszawski pierscien, 286. On the plaster and earth, see Kopka, Warschau, 58-59.

38 Bartoszewski, Warszawski pierscien, 331, 348, 376, 378, 385, figure at 427.

39 Kopka, Warschau, 40.

40 Ibid., 46, 53, 75.

41 Quotation: Kopka, Warschau, 69.

42 Kopka, Warschau, 60.

43 On the Bagration connection, see Zaloga, Bagration, 82.

44 The Allies discussed the future Polish border at the Tehran summit of 28 November-1 December 1943; see Ciechanowski, Powstanie, 121.

45 Operatsia “Seim,” 5 and passim.

46 On Bielski’s partisan unit, see Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 112. For multiple perspectives on Bielski, see Snyder, “Caught Between.”

47 On 22 July 1944, see Borodziej, Uprising, 64.

48 On the exclusion and the arms, see Borodziej, Uprising, 61.

49 The atmosphere is conveyed and the battles described in Davies, Rising ’44. On the fact that no major targets were captured, see Borodziej, Uprising, 75.

50 Engelking, Zydzi, 91 for Zylberberg, and passim; National Armed Forces at 62, 86, 143.

51 On Aronson, see Engelking, Zydzi, 61, National Armed Forces at 62, 86, 143; and Kopka, Warschau, 42, 106, 110, “indifference” quotation at 101.

52 Krannhals, Warschauer Aufstand, 124.

53 Ibid., 124-127.

54 Wroniszewski, Ochota, 567, 568, 627, 628, 632, 654, 694; Dallin, Kaminsky, 79-82. On the Marie Curie Institute, see Hanson, Civilian Population, 90. Quotations: Mierecki, Varshavskoe, 642 (“Mass executions”); Dallin, Kaminsky, 81 (“they raped … ”); Mierecki, Varshavskoe, 803 (“robbing … ”).

55 Madaczyk, Ludnosc, 61.

56 On Himmler’s orders, see Sawicki, Zburzenie, 32, 35; and Krannhals, Warschauer Aufstand, 420. On the human shields (and other atrocities), see Stang, “Dirlewanger,” 71; Serwanski, Zycie, 64; Mierecki, Varshavskoe, 547, 751; and MacLean, Hunters, 182. See also Ingrao, Chasseurs, 180. For estimates of forty thousand civilians murdered, see Hanson, Civilian Population, 90; and Borodziej, Uprising, 81. Ingrao gives the figure of 12,500 shot in one day by the Dirlewanger unit alone; see Chasseurs, 53.

57 On the three hospitals, see Hanson, Civilian Population, 88; and MacLean, Hunters, 182. On the gang rapes and murder, see Ingrao, Chasseurs, 134, 150.

58 On the factory where two thousand people were shot, see Mierecki, Varshavskoe , 547. Quotation: Hanson, Civilian Population, 88.

59 Borodziej, Uprising, 81.

60 Klimaszewski, Verbrennungskommando, 25-26, 53, 69, 70. On the Jewish laborer, see Engelking, Zydzi, 210. See also Bialoszewski, Pamietnik, 28.