The World Until Yesterday

Marx, Karl, 12, 328 table, 357

massacres, 120, 122, 127, 134–35, 141, 146

Matthiessen, Peter, 54, 120

Mauritius, 438 table, 440

Mayan wall paintings, 136

Mbuti Pygmies, 26 fig., 205–6, 308

Mead, Margaret, 478

mediation, 82–83, 85, 92, 93, 96, 100

in state justice systems, 100, 105–8, 116, 466

Mehler, Jacques, 391

men

aging and life expectancy, 233

as hunters, 278

older men and young wives, 228–29

Mesa Verde, 135

Mexico, 221–22, 401

mineral deficiencies, 299

Minong people, 26 fig.

minority languages

value of, 404–8

viewed as harmful, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4

See also language diversity; language loss

missionaries, 56, 57–58, 92

Mohan, V., 437, 441

money

market economies, 61–65

traditional equivalents, 62, 65, 158

See also affluence; compensation processes; poverty

monkeys, 183, 295, 337

monolingualism, 370, 382, 385–92, 400

viewed as beneficial, 371, 386–87, 399, 402–4

See also multilingualism

monopolies (trade), 72–74

moral codes

against killing, 142–43, 168

against revenge, 167

religion and, 329, 353, 357–59, 367 fig.

Mormonism, 325, 331, 341 table, 365, 366

mortality

accidental death causes, 278–82, 279 table

communicable diseases and infection, 292–96

death rates and religious success, 364

infants and children, 176–77, 179, 180, 218, 231, 290

malnourishment and starvation, 299

non-communicable diseases, 412

state warfare, 127, 128, 139–41, plate 37

traditional warfare, 120, 121, 127–28, 139–41, plate 36

violent deaths, 287–88

Muller, Martin, 139

multilingualism, 24, 31, 371, 383–95

Aboriginal Australia, 384–85

Amazonia, 385–86

cognitive impacts, 387–95, 463

defining, 382

fostering, 462–63, 465

language learning and, 385, 386, 387

language loss and, 402–3, 405

New Guinea, 369–70, 383–84

poverty and, 387, 406

in the U.S., 386–87, 400

viewed as harmful, 31, 386–87, 463

murder. See killing(s)

Musket Wars, 150–51

Nahuatl language, 401

Napoleonic Wars, 140, 146–47

Native American languages, 397, 398, 399, 406, 409

Native Americans. See North American Indians; South American Indians; specific groups

natural selection, 333–34, 336, 437

Nauru Islanders, 435–37, 439 table, 446, 449

Navajo Indians, 103, 185, 229

Navajo language, 398, 403

Nayaka people, 205

NCDs. See non-communicable diseases

Neel, James, 442, 446

neglect

of children, 178, 179, 181, 190

of old people, 214

neighboring groups

killings between, 286

visiting between, 45, 47, 54, 75, 384–85

warfare and, 162–63, 164, 165

See also strangers; territoriality; trade; travel

neolocal households, 222, 223, 224–25, 457–58

Nesler, Ellie, 98–99, 109, plate 35

Netherlands, minority languages in, 404, 408–9

New Britain, 72

See also Kaulong people

New Guinea and New Guinean peoples, 5, 18, 453–54

child care and autonomy, 187, 188–89, 198, 200

child punishment, 193–94

children’s play, 202–3

colonialism’s impact on violence, 288–89

constructive paranoia, 244–45

cultural diversity, 28

environmental hazards, 278, 279 table, 281, 282

field scattering, 303, 306

first contacts with Europeans, 2, 57–59, 119, plates 30, 31

food scarcity and storage, 298, 301, 309 table, 313