The World Until Yesterday

toys, 204–5, plates 17, 18

Polanski, Roman, 110

political leadership, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 219

violence suppression and, 97–99, 115, 148

political organization, 14–18

food scarcity and, 300

geographic variations, 18–19

language diversity and, 379–80, 400

population size/density and, 10–11, 14–18, 19, 356, 380

religion and, 347–48, 353–54, 355–57, 367 fig., 368

territoriality and, 44

warfare and, 141, 356–57

See also chiefdoms; states

Polynesian peoples. See Pacific Islanders; specific islands and groups

population size and density

decision-making and, 13, 15, 356

food and, 10, 13, 19

geographic knowledge and, 55–56

infectious diseases and, 294–96

language diversity and, 378, 379

political organization and, 10–11, 14–18, 19, 356, 380

religion and, 356–57, 364

social stratification and, 13

stranger encounters and, 50

territoriality and, 43, 44, 45

violence and, 287–88, 291

warfare and, 130–31, 141, 156, 161–63

Portola expedition, 133

Portugal, salt intake in, 421, 427

Portuguese language, 372, 373, 401

poverty

bilingualism and, 387, 406

diabetes and, 433, 440, 441

religious affiliation and, 354, 368

power relationships, 116–17, 166, 194, 198

elder authority, 227–31

prayer and ritual, 331, 339, 346–47, 348–51, 356

prisoners of war, 141, 146, 158–59

privacy, 202, 224–25

property rights of elders, 31

psychological development, 180–81, 189–90, 192, 208–9

Pume Indians, plates 19, 22

punishment

of children, 192–96, 208

criminal punishment, 109–10, 118, 167

Pygmies, 15, 18, 156, 273, 315, plate 8

children, 181, 187, 188, 191

elders, 214

environmental hazards, 278, 279 table, 280

language loss, 396

map, 26 fig.

trade, 66, 68 table, 70, 72

See also Aka Pygmies; Mbuti Pygmies

Quechua language, 401

raiding, 166

!Kung people, 151–52, 287

Nuer people, 44, 137, 141, 158

raw materials, trade in, 68–69 table, 69, 71–72

reciprocity, 45, 46–47, 74–75, 91–92, 302–3

reciprocal gift-giving, 61, 62, 65–67

reconciliation

state justice systems and, 88, 99, 105, 111–14, 118, 466

in traditional dispute resolution, 29, 83–84, 88–90, 103, 105, 111–12, 116

redistributive economies, 16–17

relationships. See social bonds

religion(s), 25, 31, 323–68

antiquity of, 340, plate 25

anxiety defusion function, 346–51, 367 fig., 368

chiefs and kings as gods, 16, 356

comfort provision function, 351–55, 367 fig., 368

definitions of, 326–32, 327–28 table, 368

demonstrations of commitment to, 325, 329, 330–31, 343–44, 361–63, 366

explanation function, 329, 345–46, 367 fig., 368

functional change over time, 344–45, 367–68, 367 fig.

future of, 368

human cognition and, 336–40, 355

learning from traditional societies, 464–65

moral codes and, 329, 353, 357–59, 367 fig., 368

origin myths, 323–24, 345, 346

origins and development of, 324, 332–36

overview, 323–26

political obedience and, 356–57, 359, 361, 367 fig., 368

political organization and, 347–48, 353–54, 355–57, 367 fig., 368

poverty and, 354, 368

science and, 346, 348, 350, 368

social costs and benefits of, 325, 326, 333, 362, 363

as social groups/movements, 329, 330, 331, 332, 343–44, 363, 368

standardized organization, 355–56, 367 fig., 368

success and expansion of, 21–22, 363–66

war and, 356–57, 359–61, 366, 367 fig., 368

See also supernatural beliefs; specific religions

religious fanaticism, 360, 361

Rennell Islanders, 219–20, 237–38, 313–14

restorative justice, 88, 99, 111–14, 168, 466

See also reconciliation

Retief, Piet, 137

retirement, 223–24, 234–35, 239

revenge