Enemy at the Gates

the utilization of women in the Red Army, August 1942—August 1943. Roll 581: Russian POW statements. Roll 587: Maps showing presumed Red Army operational intentions along the entire Eastern Front, November 6, 1942– January 1943. Roll 276: Original Russian Military Orders; Treatment of POWs; Interrogation Lists, 1941-42. Roll 1374: Russian writers during the war; Collection of letters written by enlisted men and officers of Red Army to Soviet writers during World War II. Roll 1379: Collection of Stalin’s speeches; Stalin’s orders to various front commanders, 1943.

National Archives Microfilm Numbers T-78/39; T-84/188; T-84/262; T-175/264; T-311/268, 270, 292.

In the Days of the Great Battle—Collection of Documents on Stalingrad. Stalingrad, 1958.

Dossiers on Russian and German generals (from U.S. Army Counter Intelligence Corps).

Sbornik (Collection of materials for the study of war experiences), published by the Red Army General Staff in 1943 (not intended for circulation outside the Soviet Union).

“A Visit to the Don-Stalingrad Front” from Military Reports on the United Nations, No. 4, March 15, 1943.

Guide to Foreign Military Studies, U.S. Army, Europe, 1954. Ms. #T-14—Army Group Don: Reverses on the Southern Wing, 1942-1943. Ms. #T-15—Sixth Army: Airlift to Stalingrad, November 1942–February 1943. Ms. #D-036—The Fighting Qualities of the Russian Soldier. Ms. #P-137—Espionage Activities of the USSR. Ms. #D-271—Stalingrad, signal communications. Ms. #C-065—Greiner diaries (notes on conferences and decisions in the OKW, 1939-1943). Ms. #P-060g—Sixth Panzer Division, enroute to Stalingrad.

Newspapers: Berliner Lokal—Anzeiger; Das Reich; Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (Berlin Issue); Essener Allgemeine.

For other periodicals and newspapers, as well as diaries, letters, and miscellaneous documents, see Chapter Notes.

Chapter Notes

Certain books and documents have proved extremely helpful as references for almost every chapter. To avoid needless repetition I will mention these works only once; this is not to minimize their importance.

Istoriya Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny Sovetskogo Soyuza 1941— 1945 (History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union), 6 vols., Moscow, 1961; also, a one volume version of this work, Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina Sovetskogo Soyuza.

Vtoraya Mirovaya, Voina, 1939-45 by S. P. Platonov and others; Moscow, 1958.

War Diary, German Sixth Army and related material (see Documents).

War Diary, German Army High Command (see Bibliography).

The Italian Eighth Army in the Second Defensive Battle of the Don: December 11, 1942— January 31, 1943. Rome, 1946.

Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. 10 vols., Washington, D.C., 1946-48.

Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals. 15 vols., Washington, D.C., 1951-52.

Chapter One

GERMAN SIXTH ARMY MARCH ACROSS THE STEPPE

From interviews with Helmut Bangert, Friedrich Breining, Franz Deifel, Karl Englehardt, Werner Gerlach, Hans Jiilich, Dionys Kaiser, Emil Metzger, and Kurt Siol. Also Wolfgang Werthen’s History of the Sixteenth Panzer Division and Rolf Gram’s The Fourteenth Panzer Division, 1940- 45.

OPERATION BLUE OBJECTIVES

From OKW Directives 43 and 45. Also Franz Halder diary.

FRIEDRICH VON PAULUS

Interview with his son Ernst Paulus; Field Marshal Paulus’s private papers; and Walter Goerlitz’s Paulus and Stalingrad.

THE SATELLITE ARMIES

Interviews with Giuseppe Aleandri, Felice Bracci, Cristoforo Capone, Veniero Marsan, Ugo Rampelli, and Enrico Reginato; Records of German Military Mission to Rumania (see Documents).

Chapter Two

HITLER’S HEADQUARTERS AT VINNITSA

From interview with Adolf Heusinger; Haider diary. Also Albert Speer’s Inside the Third Reich and Walter Warlimont’s Inside Hitler’s Headquarters 1939-45. In the D Papers (see Documents) the Director of Espionage in Moscow asked the Lucy network to pinpoint Hitler’s headquarters during the summer of 1942. Lucy did.

Chapter Three

STALIN

From an interview with Governor W. Averell Harriman, who spent more time with him than any other Western diplomat. Also Robert Conquest’s The Great Terror and Bertram Wolfe’s Three Who Made a Revolution.

RUDOLF ROSSLER AND LEONARD TREPPER

From an interview with Mrs. David Dallin; the D Papers, a collection of messages transmitted between the Director in Moscow and the Lucy network in Switzerland. Also Accoce’s and Quet’s The Lucy Ring and Gilles Perrault’s The Red Orchestra.

Just before Operation Blue commenced in June, 1942, a German officer named Reichel crashed behind Russian lines. Since he carried plans for the initial phase of the attack on Voronezh, German Intelligence assumed the Russians’ later moves to bolster the defense of that city were based on Reichel’s maps and data. It is far more likely that STAVKA made its decisions from Lucy’s radio reports. The Reichel affair drove Hitler into a rage at his field commanders; he sacked several and reaffirmed his own. growing mistrust of senior officers in the Wehrmacht.

Chapter Four

THE HISTORY OF TSARITSYN—STALINGRAD—VOLGOGRAD

From Maurice Hindus’s Mother Russia and M. A. Vodolagin’s Outline of the History of Volgograd.

STALINGRAD’S TOPOGRAPHY