Catherine the Great

146. Lettres au Prince de Ligne, 47, 18 Aug. 1784; J. T. Alexander, ‘Aeromania, “fire balloons”, and Catherine the Great’s ban of 1784’, The Historian, 58 (1996).

147. KfZh (1784), 396, 398–9, 442–7; Sochineniia, xii:.

148. Grimm, 337, 25 Apr. 1785; AKV, xxxi: 448, A. R. to S. R. Vorontsov, 29 Aug. 1784; KfZh (1784), 452–4.

149. KfZh (1784), 456–9.

150. Grimm, 318, 322, 9 and 26 Sept. 1784.

151. Beer and Fiedler, i: 482, 484, Cobenzl to Joseph, 3 Nov. 1784.

Chapter 11

1. KfZh (1785), 221–2.

2. Madariaga, 484; Alexander, 218; Cross, ‘By the Banks of the Thames’, 243, quoting S. R. Vorontsov.

3. Beer and Fiedler, ii: 37, Cobenzl to Joseph, 14 May 1785; Alexander, 217; Grimm, 336, 24 Apr. 1785.

4. Jones, Emancipation of the Russian Nobility, ch. 8; Madariaga, 295–9.

5. D. Griffiths and G. Munro, eds., Catherine II’s Charters of 1785 to the Nobility and the Towns (Bakersfield, CA, 1991), passim, esp. p. lxiv, introduction by Griffiths.

6. KfZh (1785), 281, 307; Coxe, ii: 290–5; Segur, ii: 262–3.

7. Zavadovskii, 289, 28 Apr. 1785.

8. PSZ, xxii: 16,381, 28 Apr. 1786.

9. Grimm, 342, 1 June 1785.

10. Lettere, 162, 31 May 1785.

11. SIRIO, xv: 23, C. to Paul and Maria Fedorovna, 16 June 1785.

12. Lettere, 162, 8 June 1785.

13. Coxe, i: 444, 424, 422.

14. R. E. Jones, Provincial development in Russia: Catherine II and Jakob Sievers (New Brunswick, NJ, 1984); N. V. Sereda, Reformy upravleniia Ekateriny Vtoroi (Moscow, 2004). A. Jones, ‘A Russian bourgeois’s Arctic Enlightenment’, Historical Journal, 48 (2005), 623–46, shows that merchant civic involvement was not confined to the central provinces.

15. Grimm, 343, 20 June 1785.

16. KfZh (1785), 311; Lettere, 162, 31 May 1785.

17. KfZh (1785), 281–360, passim.

18. KfZh (1785), 340.

19. KfZh (1785), 354–5; Cross, 298.

20. KfZh (1785), 363–7.

21. Segur, ii: 265–6.

22. D. V. Tsvetaev, ‘Ukazy i pis’ma Imperatritsy Ekateriny Velikoi’, Zhurnal ministerstva iustitsii (Dec. 1915), 195, C. to Viazemskii, 16 June 1785; Grimm, 342, 14 June.

23. KfZh (1785), appendix, 45.

24. Grimm, 344, 28 June 1785.

25. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, 10 May 1786 NS, quoted in M. R. Key, Catherine the Great’s Linguistic Contribution (Carbondale, IL, 1980), 62, an odd but not wholly negligible book.

26. SK, 6812; Madariaga, Short History, 99.

27. Belekhov and Petrov, Ivan Starov, 103–14.

28. SIRIO, xv: 23, C. to Paul and Maria Fedorovna, 8 June 1785.

29. Gerchuk, Bazhenov, 123–63.

30. Parkinson, 212, 19 Nov. 1792.

31. Madariaga, 524–5; McGrew, 195–6.

32. Grimm, 167, 2 Jan. 1780.

33. Zimmerman, 245–6, 17 Apr. 1786.

34. Pis’ma N.I. Novikova, eds. M. V. Reizin, et al (SPb, 1994), 42; Jones, Nikolay Novikov, 185–91; Marker, Publishing, 220–6; Zimmerman, 247, 22 Apr. 1787.

35. Grimm, 372, 10 Nov. 1785.

36. Diderot, Oeuvres, ed. L. Versini (Paris, 1995), iii: 515, 546 (paras viii, lxxv).

37. Grimm, 372–3, 23 Nov. 1785.

38. Piliavskii, Kvarengi, 121.

39. Ibid., 64.

40. KfZh (1785), 704.

41. Piliavskii, Kvarengi, 122.

42. Khrapovitskii, 19 and 21 Apr. 1786.

43. MP, ii: 343; G. Seaman, ‘The national element in early Russian opera’, Music and Letters, 42 (1961), 260–1. Lettres de Cte Valetin Esterhazy a sa femme 1784–1792, ed. E. Daudet (Paris, 1907), 318–9.

44. G. Moracci, ‘“Bolee truda nezheli smekha”: Pis’mo Ekateriny II L’vu Aleskandrovichu Naryshkinu’, Russian Literature, 52 (2002), 243–9.

45. L. D. O’Malley, The dramatic works of Catherine the Great: Theatre and politics in eighteenth-century Russia (Aldershot, 2006), 140–67.

46. Lopatin, 209, Potemkin to C., 6 Oct. 1786.

47. Zimmerman, 244, C. to Dr Zimmerman, 10 Jan. 1786.

48. Grimm, 328, 17 Dec. 1786.

49. Sochineniia, iv: appendix, 189–219; Khrapovitskii, 163, 29 Sept. 1788; 167, 5 Oct.; 174, 15 Oct.

50. AKV, xxi: 467, Elisaveta Polianskaia to S. R. Vorontsov, 1 Jan. 1787.

51. Krapovitskii, 21, 17 Dec. 1786; Lopatin, 212, C. to Potemkin, 18 Dec.; A. G. Brikner, ‘Zel’mira: epizod iz istorii tsarstvovaniia imperatritsy Ekateriny II’, Istoricheskii vestnik (1890), 277–303; 551–72.

52. Zavadovskii, 276–7, 26 Jan. 1783.

53. Bentham, iii: 310, S. Bentham to J. Bentham, 6/17 Sept. 1784; KfZh (1784), appendix, 71, 26 Sept.

54. ‘Pis’ma grafa A.R. Vorontsova k bratu ego grafu Semenu Romanovichu i ego supruge, 1783–1785’, AKV, xxxi: 463–4, 24 Oct., 1 Nov. 1784; Bezborodko, 279, 23 July 1785; Grimm, 333, 15 Apr. 1785.

55. Coxe, i: 245.

56. Khrapovitskii, 23, 17 Jan. 1787.

57. KfZh (1787), appendix: 5, C. to Ia. A. Brius, 17 Jan. 1787; Bychkov, 166, C. to N. V. Repnin, 16 Jan. 1787.

58. Istoricheskii ocherk Smolenska (SPb, 1894), 55–7.

59. Khrapovitskii, 23–4.

60. Slova i rechi Georgiia Koniiskago, Arkhiepiskopa Mogilevskago (Mogilev, 1892), 242.

61. Engelhgardt, 54.

62. Bentham, iii: 523, 525–6, J. Bentham to G. Wilson, 9/20 Feb. 1787.