actresses on and off stage (1775–1825)’, in St Petersburg 1703–1825, ed. Cross, esp. 122, 140.
24. M. Duffy, The Englishman and the foreigner (London, 1986), 40, pl. 86.
25. A. Cross, ‘Catherine in British caricature’, in Catherine the Great and the British: A pot-pourri of essays (Nottingham, 2001), 33–8; Alexander, 289.
26. J. Black, British foreign policy in an age of revolutions, 1783–1793 (Cambridge, 1994), 285–91.
27. Khrapovitskii, 359, 15 Mar. 1791; Madariaga, 417–9.
28. Stedingk, 112, 8 Apr. NS.
29. Khrapovitskii, 361, 7–8 Apr. 1791. Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov, 228, ascribes these words to Potemkin.
30. M. S. Anderson, Britain’s discovery of Russia 1553–1815 (London, 1958), 154–85.
31. Alexander, 289; Parkinson quoted in Cross, 328.
32. P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European politics 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994), 81.
33. Stedingk, 103–4, 25 Mar. 1791 NS; Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov, 215.
34. Tooke, iii: 365. On this influential work, see D. Griffiths, ‘Castera-Tooke: the first Western biographer(s) of Catherine II’, SGECRN, 10 (1982), 50–62.
35. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla, 138–41.
36. Tooke, iii: 367–8.
37. Quoted in Wortman, Scenarios, 145.
38. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla, 126–7.
39. Stedingk, 137, 18 May 1791 NS; Grimm, 519, 29 Apr. 1791.
40. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla, 128–30; Madariaga, 424.
41. See R. Butterwick, ‘Political discourses of the Polish Revolution, 1788–1792’, English Historical Review, 120 (2005), 695–731.
42. Constitution quoted in J. Michalski, ‘The meaning of the Constitution of 3 May’, in Constitution and reform in eighteenth-century Poland, ed. S. Fiszman (Bloomington, IN, 1997), 271.
43. Madariaga, 420–44; Schroeder, Transformation of European politics, 83–6 (86).
44. Khrapovitskii, 371–2, 16 Aug. 1791.
45. Lettres de Cte Valentin Esterhazy a sa femme 1784–1792, ed. E. Daudet (Paris, 1907), 305, 12 Sept. 1791.
46. Lettres de Esterhazy, 288, 4 Sept. 1791; Grimm, 558, 16 Sept.; 560, 23 Sept; Khrapovitskii, 374–5, 16 Sept.
47. Lettres de Esterhazy, 301, 9 Sept. 1791.
48. Madariaga, 425–6.
49. Lopatin, C. to Potemkin, 468, 16 Sept. 1791; 470, 30 Sept.
50. Tooke, iii, 385.
51. Lopatin, 470, C. to Potemkin, 3 Oct; Potemkin to C., 4 Oct.; Khrapovitskii, 374–6; Montefiore, 481– 6.
52. Lettres de Esterhazy, 347, 29 Oct. 1791.
53. Suvorov, Pis’ma, 226–7, to D. I. Khvostov, [30 Oct.] and 12 Dec. 1791; Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov, 224–7.
54. Khrapovitskii, 377, 12 Oct. 1791; Grimm, 561, 13 Oct.
55. Obshchii arkhiv Ministerstva Imperatorskago Dvora: Opisi domov i dvizhimago imushchestva kniazia Potemkina-Tavricheskago, kuplennykh u naslednikov ego Imperatritseiu Ekaterinoiu II (M, 1892), passim; Montefiore, 344; Batalden, Catherine II’s Greek Prelate, 75–6.
56. Grimm, 605, 27 Aug. 1794.
57. Belekhov and Petrov, Ivan Starov, 81–102; A. G. Cross, ‘British sources for Catherine’s Russia: 1) Lionel Colmore’s Letters from St Petersburg, 1790–91’, SGECRN, 17 (1989), 31.
58. Parkinson, 37, 17 Nov. 1792.
59. Cross, 274–6.
60. SIRIO, xlii, 19 Jan. 1793.
61. Khrapovitskii, 346, 2 Sept. 1790; 405, 22 July 1792.
62. Madariaga, 412; Alexander, 281; KfZh (1796), appendix II, ‘Vypiski iz arkhivnykh del’, 18. Catherine translated Plutarch into Russian from the Latin, probably using one of the widely available Greek-Latin parallel editions of his work: see Khrapovitskii, 325, 331, 559.
63. The Memoirs of Catherine the Great, ed. and trans. Cruse and Hoogenboom, xlix—liv, ‘Introduction’ by Hoogenboom.
64. Grimm, 609, 29 Aug. 1794; SIRIO, xlii: 320–21, undated, 1792.
65. J. P. LeDonne, Absolutism and ruling class: The formation of the Russian political order 1700–1825 (New York, 1991), 21; idem, Ruling Russia, 350.
66. Proskurina, Mify imperii, 279–314.
67. Alexander, 286, 294–5, 321; Madariaga, 565–7; Parkinson, 48, 1 Dec. 1792 NS.
68. Cross, 79–81; Montefiore, 436–7, 576, n. 43; Khrapovitskii, 403, 6 July 1792.
69. Faggionato, Rosicrucian Utopia, 208–16; Madariaga, 527–30; Jones, Nikolay Novikov, 203–15.
70. Alexander, 305.
71. A. Cross, ‘Condemned by correspondence: Horace Walpole and Catherine “Slay-Czar”’, in Cross, Catherine the Great and the British, 25.
72. See, for example, R. Butterwick, ‘Deconfessionalization? The policy of the Polish Revolution towards Ruthenia, 1788–1792’, Central Europe, 6 (2008), 91–121.
73. R. H. Lord, The second partition of Poland: A study in diplomatic history (Cambridge, MA, 1915), 84–7, 512–16, remains the classic work. See also Eliseeva, Geopoliticheskie proekty, 272–89.
74. Quoted in Lord, Second partition, 307.
75. Schroeder, Transformation of European politics, 96, 104–5, 122–3.
76. Zavadovskii, 340, 15 Nov. 1794.
77. Schroeder, Transformation of European politics, 144–50; Madariaga, 441–51; Alexander, 319.
78. KfZh (1796), appendix ii, ‘Vypiski iz arkhivnykh del’, 18.
79. Grimm, 565, 14 Apr. 1792; 593, 11 Feb. 1794; 601, 3 Apr.
80. Marker, Publishing, 226–9.
81. ‘Kak gotovilos’ ekaterinoslavskoe dukhovenstvo k vstreche imper. Ekateriny II’, Kievskaia starina, 1887, no. 4, 797–8.
82. L. G. Kisliagina, ‘Kantseliariia stats-sekretarei pri Ekaterine II’, in Gosudarstvennye uchrezhdeniia Rossii XVI-XVIII vv., ed. N. B. Golikova (M, 1991), 185–9.
83. KfZh (1795), appendix ii, ‘Vypiski iz arkhivnykh del’, passim, quoted at 193–4 (Orlov); Grimm, 644, 25 Aug. 1795 (Suvorov); SIRIO, xlii: 256–7 (telescope).
84. Khrapovitskii, 328, 18 Mar. 1790.
85. Grimm, 597, 14 Feb. 1794.
86. A. Odom and L. P. Arend, A Taste for Splendour: Russian Imperial and European treasures
