Catherine the Great

11. Lopatin, 115, before 14 May 1777.

12. Zavadovskii, 263, 14 Aug. 1781. On the estate in Poltava province, presented to him on 10 July 1775 in celebration of the Peace of Kuchuk Kainardzhi, see N. Makarenko, ‘Lialichi’, Starye gody, July—Sept. 1910, 131–51.

13. Alexander, 206–14 (212).

14. Lopatin, 115, before 10 June 1777; I. I. Leshchilovskaia, ‘Semen Zorich’, in Vek Ekateriny II: Rossiia i Balkany (M, 1998), 129–38; M. I. Meshcherskii, ‘Semen Gavrilovich Zorich’, RA, 1879, no. 5, 37–65.

15. Montefiore, 179–84.

16. Harris Diaries, i: 198–9, Harris to Fraser, 16/27 May 1778.

17. Ibid. On headaches, see Grimm, 79, 14 Feb. 1778; 87, 16 May.

18. Corberon, ii: 330, 4 Sept. 1780 NS.

19. McGrew, 91–3; SIRIO, xxvii: 81, C. to Mme Bielke, 28 Apr. 1776; Corberon, i: 224–30, 25–6 Apr. NS.

20. Dimsdale, 46, informed by W. Tooke.

21. Corberon, i: 248, 7 May 1776 NS.

22. Best. D20207, C. to Voltaire, 25 June 1776.

23. McGrew, 93–8; Zavadovskii, 242–3, Apr. 1776.

24. SIRIO, xxvii: 115–6, in C.’s own hand.

25. SIRIO, xxvii: 117–8, C. to Mme Bielke, 5 Sept. 1776.

26. SIRIO, xxvii: 109, C. to Paul, early Aug. 1776.

27. Corberon, ii: 7–9, 7 Oct. 1776 NS.

28. Corberon, ii: 20, 13 Oct. 1776 NS. The second performance was ‘very badly attended’: ibid., 22.

29. McGrew, 99–103.

30. Harris Diaries, i: 174, Harris to Yorke, 2/13 Feb. 1778.

31. Harris Diaries, i: 178–79, Harris to Suffolk, 7/18 Mar. 1778.

32. Grimm, 83, 2–4 Mar. 1778.

33. Lopatin, 39 [30 Aug. 1774].

34. S. G. Runkevich, Sviato-Troitskaia Aleksandro-Nevskaia Lavra, 1713–1913, 2 vols. (SPb, 2001 edn.), ii: 134–5, 137–8; N. Belekhov and A. Petrov, Ivan Starov: Materialy k izucheniiu tvorchestva (M, 1950), 67–8; KfZh (1778), 537–47.

35. Proschwitz, 131–2, C. to Gustav III, 2 Sept. 1778.

36. KfZh (1781), 525–6; Proschwitz, 159, 15 Dec. 1781.

37. SIRIO, xv: 39, C. to Paul and Maria Fedorovna, undated.

38. On tears, see SIRIO, xxvii: 308, C’s instruction to Saltykov.

39. Proschwitz, 159, C. to Gustav III, 15 Dec. 1781.

40. SIRIO, ix: 97, C. to Maria Fedorovna, 7 Dec. 1781

41. Grimm, 176, 14 May 1780; see also 190, 2 Oct.

42. M. Okenfuss, The Discovery of Childhood in Russia (Newtonville, MA, 1980), 58–62.

43. Madariaga, 495–8 (497–8). The ‘Book On the Duties of Man and Citizen’ is translated by E. Gorky in J. L. Black, Citizens for the Fatherland: Education, educators, and pedagogical ideals in eighteenth-century Russia (Boulder, CO, 1979), 209–66.

44. SIRIO, ix: 110, C. to Maria Fedorovna, 4 Jan. 1782.

45. Ibid., 124, 25 Feb. 1782.

46. Ibid., 127, 10 Mar. 1782.

47. E. P. Renne, ‘Kartiny Bromptona v Ermitazhe’, in Zapadno-Evropeiskoe iskusstvo XVIII veka: Publikatsii i issledovaniia (Leningrad, 1987), 57–8. On Brompton—‘a harum-scarum artist’ to Jeremy Bentham, yet to C. a second Van Dyck—see Cross, 308–12.

48. Lopatin, 189, early 1784; Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla, 130–1.

49. Harris Diaries, i: 236, Harris to Weymouth, 24 May/4 June 1779.

50. Shvidkovsky, The empress and the architect, 105.

51. Harris Diaries, i: 237–8, Harris to Weymouth, 24 May/4 June 1779.

52. Harris Papers, 1036, G. Harris to E. Harris, 2/13 July 1779. On Hermes, see C. T. Probyn, The sociable Humanist: The life and works of James Harris (Oxford, 1991), ch. 5.

53. The following draws on ‘Zhurnal vysochaishago puteshestviia v gorod Mogilev 1780 g.’, KfZh (1780), 267–432; ‘Dnevnaia zapiska puteshestviia Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva chrez Pskov i Polotsk v Mogilev’, SIRIO, i: 384–420; and C.’s letters to Paul and Maria Fedorovna, SIRIO, ix: 39–63. See also Beales, Joseph II, 431–8 and N. V. Bessarabova, ‘Iosif II i Ekaterina II v puteshestviiakh po Rossii’, in Nemtsy v Rossii: rossiisko-nemetskii dialog, ed. G. I. Smagina (SPb, 2001), 461–9.

54. Grimm, 166, 7 Dec. 1779.

55. Dimsdale, 71; Bessarabova, 38, 45–6.

56. Grimm, 178, 16 May 1780.

57. AKV, xiii: 16.

58. SIRIO, ix: 49, 19 May 1780.

59. SIRIO, ix: 48, 18 May 1780.

60. Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, Graf Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov (1774–1817) , 3 vols. (SPb, 1903), i: 237–8, A. S. Stroganov to G. Romme. A total of 300 noble pupils and 130 children of townspeople were enrolled in the six schools in Polotsk province in 1780, when Mogilev province had 34 schools with 858 pupils: Madariaga, 494.

61. SIRIO, ix: 51, 22 May 1780; KfZh (1780), 329. On the namestniki’s silver services, see above, p. 240.

62. Grimm, 180, 25 May 1780.

63. Engelhardt, 33–6 (33). On the landscape, see ibid., p. 28, and SIRIO, ix: 53, 24 May 1780.

64. KfZh (1780), 336–9; Lopatin, 140, C. to Potemkin, 23 May 1780.

65. Lopatin, 139, 22 May 1780.

66. Engelhardt, 26–31; Montefiore, 225.

67. Grimm, 181, 27 May 1780; ibid., 208, 23 June 1781.

68. Grimm, 181, 190, 27 May and 2 Oct. 1780.

69. SIRIO, ix: 59, 1 June 1780.

70. Harris Diaries, i: 313, Harris to Elliot (at Berlin), 2/13 June 1780.

71. Harris Diaries, i: 314, Harris to Keith (at Vienna), June 1780.

72. Bezborodko, 231, 17 Oct. 1780.

73. P. Mansel, Prince of Europe: The life of Charles-Joseph de Ligne (London, 2003), 101.

74. I. de Madariaga, ‘The secret Austro-Russian treaty of 1781’, SEER, 38 (1959), 114–45; Ransel, Politics, 254–5.

75. Anderson, ed., Letters of Mozart, 780, 24 Nov. 1781 NS.

76. McGrew, 120.

77. McGrew, 112–42; N. I. Stadnichuk, ‘Puteshestvie grafa i grafini severnykh v neapolitanskoe korolevstvo’, PKNO: 2004 (M, 2006), 398–431.

78. The following draws on ‘Peterburgskoe obshchestvo v 1781 g., pis’ma Pikara k kn. A.B. Kurakinu’, RS, Apr. 1870, 297–321; ‘S.-Peterburg v 1782 godu: izvestiia Pikara o sobytiiakh v gorode i pri dvore’, RS, May 1878, 39–66.

79. Bezborodko, 253, 25 Nov. 1781.

80. Grimm, 47, 18 Apr. 1776.