Catherine the Great

55. See, in particular, G. Dulac, ‘Diderot et le “mirage russe”: quelques preliminaires a l’etude de son travail politique de Petersbourg’, in Le Mirage russe au XVIIIe siecle, eds. Karp and Wolff, 149– 92, and G. Goggi, ‘Diderot et la Russie: colonisation et civilisation. Projets et experience directe’, in Diderot and European Culture, eds. Ogee and Strugnell, 57–76.

56. Diderot, Memoires, 35.

57. R. V. Ovchinnikov, ed., Dokumenty stavki E.I. Pugacheva (M, 1975), 23. See 24–32 for similar manifestos to different interest groups through Oct. 1773.

58. Under interrogation in Moscow in Nov. 1774, Pugachev claimed to be in his thirty-third year: see R. V. Ovchinnikov, ed., Emel’ian Pugachev nad sledstvii (M, 1997), 127.

59. M. Raeff, ‘Pugachev’s Rebellion’, in Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe, eds. R. Forster and J. P. Greene (Baltimore, MD, 1970), 161–202; Madariaga, 233, 243.

60. Madariaga, 239–55; J. P. LeDonne, The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650– 1831 (Oxford, 2004), 115; J. T. Alexander, Autocratic Politics in a National Crisis: The Imperial Russian Government and the Pugachev Revolt, 1773–1775 (Bloomington, IN, 1969), 76.

61. Lopatin, 7, 4 Dec. 1773.

62. SIRIO, xiii: C. to Mme. Bielke, 16 Jan. 1774.

63. KfZh (1774), 18–19, 22, 25, 28.

64. Alexander, Autocratic Politics, 112–3.

65. KfZh (1774), 43–7; Gunning to Suffolk, 24 Jan. 1774, quoted in Wilson, ‘Diderot in Russia’, 190.

66. SIRIO, xix: 399–400, Gunning to Suffolk, 11 Feb. 1774; 401, 14 Feb. See also lxxii: 490–2, Solms to Frederick, 7 Feb.

67. KfZh (1774), 15, 26.

68. KfZh (1774), 59–60. On Knowles, see Cross, 192–5 and passim.

69. KfZh (1774), 82–3; Lopatin, 10, 21 Feb. 1774.

70. Lopatin, 12, 28 Feb. 1774.

71. Lopatin, 10, 26 Feb. 1774; 12, 28 Feb.

72. Lopatin, 13–14, 1 Mar. 1774. Aleksey Orlov first appeared at Court on 27 Feb.: KfZh (1773), 97.

73. KfZh (1774), 103, 110–12.

74. Gunning to Suffolk, 4 Mar. 1774, quoted in Montefiore, 110.

75. Montefiore, 83, 85.

76. Lopatin, 14, after 1 Mar. 1775.

77. Lopatin, 22, 10 Apr. 1774.

78. SIRIO, xix: 409, Gunning to Suffolk, 8 Apr. 1774; Madariaga 248; KfZh (1774), 147.

79. Grimm, 1, 25 Apr. 1774.

80. KfZh (1774), 172–8.

81. SIRIO, xix: 416, Gunning to Suffolk, 13 June 1774; Alexander, Autocratic Politics, 132; Madariaga, 263.

82. KfZh (1774), 281–6; Lopatin, 513–5; Madariaga, 344.

83. Lopatin, 34, 22 July 1774.

84. Grimm, 137, 7 May 1779.

85. Letters of Mozart, ed. Anderson, 486, 19 Feb. 1778 NS.

86. J. Rosselli, Singers of Italian Opera: The History of a Profession (Cambridge, 1992), 66 and passim.

87. Harris Papers, 879, Elizabeth Harris to James Harris, jr., 16 Feb. 1776 NS.

88. KfZh (1774), 324–5; Wraxall, A Tour, 201, 204; Livanova, ii: 412.

89. SIRIO, xxvii: 39, C. to Elagin, 19 May 1775.

90. C. rode in an open carriage from the Summer Palace while an officer bearing laurel wreaths led a troop of 100 Horse Guards to accompany the Senate official who made five public proclamations of the peace: in front of the Summer Palace; at the Haymarket; in front of the Senate; in front of the Twelve Colleges on Vasilevsky Island; and on the Petersburg side of the city: KfZh (1774), 429–39.

91. Madariaga, 254.

92. KfZh (1774), 474–5.

93. KfZh (1774), 507, 3 Sept.

94. Madariaga, 249, 266.

95. Best. D19188, C. to Voltaire, 2 Nov. 1774.

96. Madariaga, 267–8.

97. PSZ, xx: 14,235, 15 Jan. 1775.

98. Quoted in Sunderland, Taming the Wild Field, 58.

99. SIRIO, xxvii: 23, C. to Mme Bielke, 5 Jan. 1775.

100. SIRIO, xix: 448–9, Gunning to Suffolk, 26 Jan. 1775.

101. Corberon, i: 80–1.

102. Grimm, 15, 30 Jan. 1775.

103. Only later was the host rehabilitated, under a different name, the Black Sea Host: see Madariaga, 359–60; Ransel, Politics, 250–1.

104. Madariaga, 553.

105. SIRIO, xxvii: 36, C. to Mme Bielke, 12 Apr. 1775.

106. McGrew, 86.

107. Lopatin, 71, C. to Potemkin, after 21 Apr. 1775.

108. SIRIO, xxvii: 48, C. to Mme Bielke, 24 July 1775.

109. Shvidkovsky, The Empress and the Architect, 192–3.

110. Best. D19712, Voltaire to C., 18 Oct. 1775 NS.

111. R. E. Jones, The Emancipation of the Russian Nobility, 1762–1785 (Princeton, NJ, 1973), 210–20 (216).

112. M. Lopato, ‘English Silver in St Petersburg’, in British Art Treasures, 131.

113. Grimm, 42, 20 Jan. 1776.

Chapter 10

1. A. Raskin, Gorod Lomonosova: Dvortsovo-parkovye ansambli XVIII veka (Leningrad, 1983), 112–3.

2. SIRIO, xix: 133, Cathcart to Rochford, 29 Oct. 1770.

3. Quoted in A. G. Cross, ‘By the Banks of the Thames’: Russians in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Newtonville, MA, 1980), 241.

4. Lopatin, 92–3, undated, Feb.—Mar. 1776.

5. SIRIO, xix: 513, R. Oakes to W. Eden, 8 Mar. 1776.

6. Lopatin, 103, undated, May—June 1776.

7. Lopatin, 106, 22 June 1776; 105, undated, 7–21 June; D. Smith, ed., Love and Conquest: Personal Correspondence of Catherine the Great and Prince Grigory Potemkin (DeKalb, IL, 2004), 69– 72.

8. Lopatin, 91, undated, Feb.—Mar. 1776.

9. Corberon, ii: 37, 68; 27 Oct. and 8 Dec. 1776 NS.

10. C.’s undated love letters to Zavadovskii are translated in Alexander, 342–53 (here pp. 344–5).