The Penguin History of Modern Russia

Group of Seven: Gorbachev appeals to, 496

Grozny (Chechnya), 533, 538, 546

Guchkov, Alexander, 16, 30, 33, 36

Gulag (and forced labour), 179, 191, 210, 223–5, 252, 277, 279–80, 301, 328–9, 335, 342, 451–2; wartime deaths in, 278; Khrushchev releases inmates, 345, 358–9, 370

Gusinski, Vladimir, 549, 550, 561

Gypsies, 222, 286

Habsburg dynasty, 26–8

harvests: 1917 shortage, 78–9; 1920 decline, 124; high 1926–7 level, 164; 1928–30 average, 181; 1936 fall, 218; low 1952 level, 304; 1954–55 improvements, 337–8; and Khrushchev’s reforms, 337–8, 350, 352, 375, 385; 1963 low level, 375; 1964 improvement, 385

Havel, Vaclav, 483

health and medical care, 417–18

Helsinki Final Act (1975), 400, 413

Herzegovina: Austria annexes (1908), 24

Herzen, Alexander, 17

Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von Beneckendorff und von, 75

historiography of Russia since 1900: xxv–xxxii

history: writing of official Soviet, 206, 316, 368, 419, 479

Hitler, Adolf: Comintern disregards, 178; Stalin misjudges, 187; and ‘Final Solution’, 202, 222–3; rise to power, 206; occupies Rhineland, 230; annexes Austria and Sudetenland, 231; totalitarianism, 253; and outbreak of World War II, 255–6; and pact with USSR (1939), 256; and invasion of USSR, 259, 265–6, 573; and campaign in USSR, 262, 266–7; death, 272, 293; mistrusts Volga Germans, 277; and Soviet popular resistance, 286; and German atrocities in Russia, 288, 290; see also Germany; Nazi party

Hohenzollern dynasty, 26

Holland: Germans occupy, 258

homelessness, 517–18; see also housing

Honecker, Erich, 464, 483

honours and awards, 236–7

housing, 192, 357, 359, 418, 517–18

Hrushevskyi, Mihaylo, 132

Human Rights Committee, 382

Hungary: 1919 Soviet Republic, 120; post-World War II settlement, 271, 307; supplies contingents for German army, 286; and formation of Cominform, 308; unrest in, 336; 1956 rising and suppression, 343–4, 353, 387, 443, 454; reforms under Ka?da?r, 385–6; and Gorbachev’s reforms, 464; allows East German immigration and transit, 483; joins NATO, 537

Husak, Gustav, 387, 464, 483

hydrogen bomb, 336, 353; see also nuclear weapons

identity booklets (‘internal passports’), 207–8

ideological authoritarianism, 99, 117

Ignatov, Nikolai, 377

illiteracy see literacy

IMF, 531, 535

Imperial Academy, 8

Imperial Economic Society, 7

imperialism, 128–9

India, 129, 388, 538

‘Industrial Party’, 185

industrial relations see strikes

industry and industrialization: and military strength, 3–4; pre-World War I development, 4–5, 7, 22; labour, 7; growth in World War I, 28–9, 31; Bolshevik policy on, 79–80; World War I production fall, 79; nationalization of, 92, 95, 110; Lenin proposes capitalist syndicates for, 95; post-World War I production decline, 109, 124; small-scale manufacturing under NEP, 126–7; Trotski’s plans for, 151; recovery under NEP, 155, 162, 186; planning campaigns, 160; under Stalin, 175–6, 194, 234, 275–6; under Five-Year Plans, 182, 186, 194; Stakhanovism in, 217; in World War II, 266; regional policy, 302; capital goods, 303–4, 329; Khrushchev’s policy on, 351; production increases under Brezhnev, 385; capacity (1970s), 397–8; 1979 reforms, 408; statistics on (1966–80), 408; Gorbachev’s proposed reforms, 440–41; inefficiency, 467–8; increased output (1983–7), 469; production falls under Yeltsin, 516; privatization, 531, 534, 541–2; see also consumer goods

inflation: in World War I, 28, 52, 55, 79; under Gorbachev, 496; under Yeltsin, 516, 529; see also prices

‘informals’ (neformaly), 476

Ingushi, 367

Institute of the Economy of the World Economic System, 450

Institute of Red Professors, 142, 173

intelligentsia: in imperial Russia, 11; support for Bolsheviks, 94–5; repressed and controlled by Bolsheviks, 137–9, 200–201, 245; and Stalin’s scholarly pretensions, 319; and Khrushchev’s policies, 364, 366; and Brezhnev, 380–82, 387–8; and Gorbachev’s glasnost, 449–50; see also dissenters

Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (1987), 465

International, Communist see Comintern

International, Second, 25

International, Socialist, 62

International Monetary Fund see IMF

Internationale (anthem), 282

Inter-Regional Group, 475–6

Iov, Archbishop of Kazan, 370

Iran, 258, 308, 312, 556

Iraq, 555

iron, 4, 78

Islam see Muslims

Israel, 317, 343

Italy: unrest in, 120; fascist methods in, 140; Mussolini seizes power, 171; communist party follows Moscow line, 295, 306, 311; and conference on Cominform, 308; communist party abandons Moscow, 398

Ivan IV, Tsar (‘the Terrible’), 206, 226, 319

Ivanovo, 73

Ivashko, Vladimir, 481, 490, 496

Izvestiya (newspaper), 133, 191, 194, 348

Japan: 1904–5 war with Russia, 3, 14; Imperial Russian disputes with, 24; and Russian civil war, 102, 312; signs Anti-Comintern Pact, 230; aggression against USSR, 231, 255, 257; and threat of World War II, 255; in World War II, 268, 270, 272; surrenders (1945), 273; post-war rehabilitation, 308; economic recovery, 322

Jaruzelski, General Wojciech, 411

jazz, 365

Jewish Autonomous Region, 317, 325

Jews: Russian nationalists’ hatred of, 12; in Pale of Settlement, 13; and anti-Semitism, 116, 201, 365, 416, 423, 458; Nazi extermination of, 222, 286; in October Revolution, 250; persecuted, 316–17; Stalin’s antipathy to, 324–5, 416; allowed to emigrate, 400; and dissenters, 414; after communism, 540, 557

Kadar, Janos, 343, 385, 387, 464