The Penguin History of Modern Russia

Kadets (Constitutional-Democratic Party): established, 14; decamp at dissolution of 1st Duma, 15–16; denounce Nicholas II’s autocracy, 15; agrarian reform policy, 20; and beginning of World War II, 25; and Nicholas II’s abdication, 33; in Provisional Government, 34–6, 45; oppose division of state, 45; walk out of cabinet (1917), 49; reject Kerenski’s overtures, 51; in Kerenski’s 3rd coalition, 57–8; suppressed by Bolsheviks, 93, 107; White commanders disdain, 116; excluded from politics, 161

Kafelnikov, Y., 539

Kaganovich, Lazar: follows Stalin’s policies, 171; Stalin attacks, 195; and rebuilding of Moscow, 204–5; and Party power, 211–15, 303; on Politburo commission, 220; and Stalin’s Party purges, 221 ; supports Stalin, 241, 252; shaves off beard, 246; opposes reform after Stalin’s death, 332; relations with Malenkov, 337; dismissed and posted to Sverdlovsk, 344–5; recommends Khrushchev to Stalin, 348; reviled at 22nd Party Congress, 360; retirement, 477

Kaganovich, Moisei, 243

Kalinin, Mikhail, 142, 219

Kaliningrad (formerly Konigsberg), 306

‘Kalinka’ (song), 530

Kalmyks, 367

Kamenev, Lev: favours co-operation with Mensheviks, 47; imprisoned (1917), 50; opposes Lenin’s plan to seize power, 60; relations with Lenin, 72; scepticism over Bolsheviks’ continuing support, 81 Jewishness, 85, 201; administrative agreement with colleagues, 110; in Politburo, 112, 151, 160; supports NEP, 125; Lenin criticizes, 152; disagreements with Lenin, 153; edits Lenin’s works, 154; and succession to Lenin, 154–5, 157–8; attacks Trotski, 156; in United Opposition, 160–61, 164; suppressed, 161; expelled from Party and re-admitted, 162, 188; tried and sentenced, 215–16; shot, 218

Kapitsa, Petr, 247, 573

Kaplan, Fanya, 107

Karachai, 367

Karaganda, 364, 472

Karelia: demands recognition of independence, 490, 521

Karlovy Vary (Czechoslovakia), 320

Kasparov, Garry, 557, 559

Kasyanov, Mikhail, 551, 569

Kataev, Valentin, 248

Katushev, Konstantin, 404

Kazakhstan: nationalism, 131, 391; population victimized, 201–2; Soviet Republic formed, 207; deportees settled in, 225, 276, 300, 368; Khrushchev advocates agricultural development, 332, 338, 351–2, 379; party leadership replaced, 338; effects of nuclear testing in, 359; nationalist resurgence, 456, 458; scandals in, 456; Russians in, 458, 520; strikes, 472; non-cooperation with State Committee for the Emergency Situation, 503; joins Commonwealth of Independent States, 506

Kazan, 106

Kemerovo (Kuzbass), 472

Kemerovo coal-mine, 218

Kennedy, John F., 353–4, 374

Kerenski, Alexander: co-operation with other parties, 30 ; in Provisional Government, 33, 36, 49; heads Provisional Government, 50–54, 57; loses army support, 54; and social disruption, 56; in Pre-Parliament, 58; and Lenin’s bid for power, 59; and government collapse, 60; overthrown in October Revolution, 62, 67; escapes from Winter Palace, 65; in newsreels, 73; and promised elections, 74 KGB (Committee of State Security): and Cheka, 69; formed, 334; and Khrushchev’s speech against Stalin, 341; unmentioned in Khrushchev’s programme, 361, 363; Russians dominate, 367; and Orthodox Church, 369; repressive methods and acts, 382, 412, 414, 420; reports on popular opinion, 418; relaxes under Gorbachev, 480

Khakamada, Irina, 553

Khalkhin-Gol, 255, 267

Kharitonov, Nikolai, 553

Kharkov, 73, 266–7

Khasan, Lake, battle of (1938), 231, 255

Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 495, 500, 512, 515–16, 521–5

Khataevich, M.M., 237

Khlysty (religious sect), 10

Khlystun, Oleg, 534

Khodorkovski, Mikhail, 550, 561

Khrennikov, Tikhon, 319

Khrushchev, Nikita: supporters, 199, 450; and Great Terror, 223, 340, 348; Stalin admits trusting nobody to, 232; Stalin promotes, 241–2; on impending World War II, 259; on Stalin’s behaviour in World War II, 263–4; Stalin humiliates, 265; reforms, 293, 355–60, 372–3, 409; and agricultural reforms, 302, 320, 347, 349–51, 401–2; position and status, 303; and Stalin’s xenophobia, 316; on need for ‘vigilance’, 326; offices and policies after Stalin’s death, 332–3, 335–8, 346–7; in plot against Beria, 333–5; conflict with Malenkov, 335–7; denounces Stalin at 20th Party Congress, 338–42, 344, 360, 436; and Hungarian rising, 343–4; criticized, 344; prevails over opponents, 344–5; administration, 346–7, 349–55, 550; behaviour, 346, 349; personal publicity, 347–8; background and career, 348, 555; foreign policy, 352–4, 373–4, 399; overseas visits, 353, 376; achievements, 354–7, 375; programme of communism, 356, 360–63, 372, 405–6; and arts, 364–6, 416; anti-religion campaign, 369–70; antagonizes officials, 370–71, 375; enjoys luxuries, 371; repressive measures, 371–2; Party hostility to, 372–3, 375; and building of Berlin Wall, 373–4; and Cuban missile crisis, 374–5; contradictions and eccentricities, 375, 392; conspiracy against and ousting, 376–8, 385; in retirement, 388; in Brezhnev’s memoirs,

404; and dissenters,

413; promotes Andropov,

429; and public debate, 448

Kichko, T.: Judaism without Veneer, 423

Kiel naval garrison, 81

Kiev, 40, 49, 75, 120, 261, 264, 296, 364, 367

Kim Il-Sung, 312

Kirgiz (Kazakh) Republic: formed, 115

Kirienko, Sergei, 530, 535

Kirov, Sergei, 160, 213–15, 217, 340

Kissinger, Henry, 399

Klebanov, Vladimir, 414

Klub Perestroika, 476

Knorin, V.G. and others: The History of the All-Union Communist Party: A Short Course, 237–8, 249

Kolbin, Gennadi, 456

Kolchak, Admiral Alexander V., 102, 106, 112–13, 116–17

kolkhozes (collective farms), 183; markets, 194; members refused passports, 208; conditions, 224, 421, 440, 540; and work-force, 243; private plots, 284; under German occupation, 288; rumours of disbandment, 298; wages, 304–5, 328; Khrushchev’s policy on, 349–51, 358–9, 401; Brezhnev and, 401; run at loss, 402; and family contracts, 470; unpaid under Yeltsin, 516; government credit for, 526; resistance to privatization, 542; see also collectivization; peasants

Kollontai, Alexandra, 50

Kolpino, 97

Kolyma, 179, 329

Komar, Dmitri, 501

kombedy see committees of village poor

Komi, 521