NATO
navy: pre-revolutionary discontent in, 37–8; forms revolutionary committees, 56; sailors granted direct action, 69; demobilization, 86; unrest, 119, 122; Kronstadt mutiny (1921), 125, 127
Nazarchuk, Alexander, 534
Nazi party, 171, 178, 187, 235
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Treaty (1939), 256, 284, 457, 481
Neivola (Finland), 50
Neizvestny, 415
Nepenin, Admiral A.I., 37
nepmen, 144–5, 149, 163
Neumann, Franz, 187
New Economic Mechanism (Hungary), 385
New Economic Policy (NEP): introduced, 125–8, 146; and national expansion, 132–3; and dissentient thought, 138; and innovation, 141; reintroduces capitalism, 144–5, 149, 150; effects of, 149, 186; aims, 150; Party disputes over, 150, 158, 173–4; Trotski criticizes, 151, 155–6; prevails against United Opposition, 162; Stalin discontinues, 164, 169, 172–3, 190; Gorbachev praises, 454
newspapers
Nicholas II, Tsar: notoriety, 1, 3; and war with Japan 3; supports industrialization, 4; questionable loyalty to, 12; supports Russian nationalist organizations, 12; represses minorities, 13; and 1905 revolution, 14–17; and popular discontent, 14; lacks respect, 20–22; attitude to Duma, 21–2, 29, 32; and constitutional changes, 23; abdicates, 26, 33; wartime opposition to, 30–33; complacency over labour movement, 32; hated by Bolsheviks, 48; in Tobolsk, 53–4; with family under house arrest, 60; and soviets, 60; and non-Russians, 84; murdered with family, 107; and wage levels, 143; and foreign loans, 163; historical denunciation of, 206; denounces politicking, 522; obstructs civil society, 566–7
Nikitin, A.M., 57
Nikolaev, Leonid, 214
Nikon, Patriarch, 10
Nixon, Richard M., 353, 398
Niyazov, Saparmurad, 503
NKGB (People’s Commissariat of State Security), 297;
Nkrumah, Kwame, 389
NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs): and Cheka, 69; absorbs OGPU, 214; Yezhov heads, 218; Stalin’s links with, 219; in Great Terror, 221–2, 228–9; and Party purges, 221; infiltrates
Nobel, Alfred, 4, 121
Noga (Ukrainian policeman), 287
nomenklatura: established, 148; numbers, 236; conditions, 237, 244, 321; children rebel, 370; and market opportunities under Yeltsin, 513, 515; under privatization, 538–9
Norilsk, 335, 472
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 312, 330, 398, 537, 550, 560–1
Norway: Germans occupy, 258
Novo-Ogarevo agreement
Novocherkassk, 364, 372, 385, 409
Novosibirsk, 431, 440; Institute of Economics, 450
Novotny, Antonin, 386
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1969), 388
nuclear power stations: accidents, 445
nuclear weapons: development of, 301, 304, 311, 318, 336, 346, 353–4, 374, 432; Gorbachev proposes destruction of, 465
Obama, Barack, 562
‘October Events’ (1993), 525–6
October Manifesto (1905), 14, 16
October Revolution
Octobrists, 16, 22, 25
Odessa, 102
OGPU (United Main Political Administration): succeeds Cheka, 131; undermines Church, 135; and intelligentsia, 137; and industrial unrest, 144; and United Opposition, 161–2; and Stalin’s policies, 171; and Shakhty engineers, 175; suppresses industrial discontent, 184; acts against political opponents, 185, 188, 211; and Terror, 210; as power-base, 211; power diminished, 214;
oil: pre-World War I, 4; and foreign concessions, 121, 126; exports, 159, 466, 535; world price rise (1973), 399, 408; state subsidies for, 525; motive for attacking Chechnya, 533; after 1991, 536, 553, 561
Okudzhava, Bulat, 365
Old Believers, 10, 135
Olympics, Beijing, 559
one-party state, 119, 123–4, 161, 169, 239, 406, 476, 485, 488, 553
‘oligarchs, the’, 532, 538, 548–9, 561, 563
‘Orange Revolution’ (Ukraine), 555
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo: beats up opponent, 152; and Stalin’s succeeding Lenin, 155; supports Stalin’s policies, 171, 175; and effects of forced collectivization, 181; protects managers and engineers, 194; Stalin attacks, 195, 211; conflict with Molotov, 213; challenges Stakhanovism, 217; isolation, 218–19; death, 219
Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC), 399
Orgburo, 111, 119
Orthodox Church: divisions in, 10–11; and national values, 10–11; avoids political involvement, 54; separated from state, 90, 94; resists communists, 93–4; persecuted, 116, 135–6, 203–5; and Russian identity, 134–5; and ‘Living Church’, 135; excluded from historical writings, 206; tolerated in World War II, 281–2; under German occupation, 287; Stalin subdues, 317; Khrushchev attacks, 369; millennium, 476; restrictions relaxed under Gorbachev, 476; under Yeltsin, 538, 544, 557
Osetiya, North and South, 521
Ostministerium (German), 287
Our Home’s Russia (
Ovechkin, Valentin:
Ozerlag, 329
Pakistan, 388
parks, 191
participation, political, 406
partisans (World War II), 288–9, 298
Pasternak, Boris, 139, 248, 316, 365;
Patolichev, Nikolai, 278
patriotism, 288–90, 321–2