Bukharin), 142
Presidium: Bureau of the, 327; under Khrushchev, 344–5
press: circulation, 191; and
Press, Decree of (Lenin’s, 1917), 69, 94–5
prices: and taxation, 163; agricultural, 164, 172, 363–4; post-World War II, 299; kept low, 410; rises under Gorbachev, 492, 495; liberalization under Yeltsin, 509–10, 513, 525;
priests and clerics: denied civic rights, 89, 136; persecuted, 203–4, 282, 298, 382;
Primakov, Yevgeni, 530, 547
Princip, Gavrilo, 25
prisoners of war: Soviet, 264, 277, 280, 298, 300–301; German, 353
prisons
private plots
privatization, 80, 515, 525–6, 531, 534, 541–2
privileges and benefits, 237, 244, 314, 320–21, 371, 410, 421
Prokhanov, Alexander, 497
Proletarian Culture (
Provisional Council of the Russian Republic
Provisional Government (1917): formed, 26, 33–4; ineffectiveness, 36; appoints commissars, 40; and nationalities’ demands, 40–41; and regional reorganization, 45, 49; alliance with socialists, 46; Lenin opposes, 47– 8; Kerenski leads, 50–51; Petrograd demonstrations against, 50; and conduct of World War I, 53; and social disruption, 55; second and third coalitions, 57; unpopularity, 58, 60; overthrown in October Revolution, 62; and foreign loans, 163
Pskov, 283
psychiatry: punitive, 382
Public Chamber, 557
Pugacheva, Alla, 539
Pugo, Boris, 494, 499–501
Pulkovo Heights, near St Petersburg, 67
purges, 214–21, 223, 225, 229–31, 236, 337, 339;
Pushkin, Alexander, 11, 206, 322, 324
Putilov armaments plant, 32
Putin, Vladimir: becomes Prime Minister, 545; relationship to Yeltsin, 545–7; and Chechnya, 533, 538, 546, 547, 555, 566; becomes President, 547; background and policies, 530, 545–61, 563; and ‘the oligarchs’, 532, 538, 548–9, 561, 563; attitude to communism, 548
Pyatakov, Grigori L., 152, 162, 219–20
Pyatigorsk, 320
Pyatnitski, Osip, 221
Radek, Karl, 161, 219
radio, 191
Radio Liberty, 415
Radishchev, Alexander, 17
Railwaymen’s Union, 66
railways, 4, 28, 38, 103
Rajk, Laszlo, 311
Rekosi, Metyes, 343
Rakovsky, C.G., 134
Rapallo, Treaty of (1922), 158–9
Rashidov, Sharaf, 391
Rasputin, Grigori, 20, 27
Rasputin, Valentin, 415, 497
rationing: and class, 87, 95; low level, 119; abolished (1921), 127; abolished (1936), 249; in World War II, 278; in 1970s, 418; under Gorbachev and Yeltsin, 470;
Reagan, Nancy, 444
Reagan, Ronald, 411; Strategic Defence Initiative, 432, 443, 446; summit with Andropov, 432; and Gorbachev, 444, 460, 463–5
recreation
Red Army
Red Guards: in October Revolution, 61, 65, 67, 75
Red Terror (1918), 108, 116
refuseniks, 400, 414
regional economic councils (
regionalism, 45, 115, 424–5, 521
Reichenau, Field-Marshal Walter von, 288
religion: popular observance and belief, 9–10, 250, 370; Bolshevik harassment of, 135–6, 203–5; resistance to Party, 245; tolerated in World War II, 281–2; under German occupation, 287; Khrushchev attacks, 369–70;
Repin, Ivan, 11
republics (Soviet): status, 114–16
Retyunin, Mark, 280
revolution of 1905, 13–14
revolution of February 1917, 34–5, 45, 47–8, 53, 82, 92, 567
revolution of October 1917, 62, 65, 73–4, 80, 85, 571; 70th anniversary, 453–4
Reykjavik: 1986 summit, 463, 465
Rhineland, 230
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 256–7
Riga: lost in World War I, 53–4, 77; 1962 disturbances in, 364; 1988 protests in, 473
Right Cause (party), 561
Right Centre, 88
Right Deviation, 176, 221
risings (popular)
Rodos, B.V., 340
Rodzyanko, Mikhail, 32
Rokossovski, Marshal Konstantin, 265
Romania: wins provinces, 128; right-wing dictatorship, 171; USSR annexes territory (1940), 258; Soviet post-War interest in, 271; in Moldavia, 284; provides contingents for German army, 286; and formation of Cominform, 308; condemns Brezhnev Doctrine, 388; criticizes Soviet leadership, 409; communist collapse in, 483– 4
Romanian language, 316, 383
Romanov dynasty, 1, 20–21, 26, 33–4, 41, 72, 89, 107;
Romanov, Grigori, 404, 434, 438–9
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 263, 269–72
Rosneft, 550, 551
Rostropovich, Mtsislav, 501
Royal Dutch Shell, 550
