The Penguin History of Modern Russia

patronage, 539

Patrushev, Nikolai, 545

Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich, 266

Pavlov, General D.G., 260, 265

Pavlov, Ivan, 8, 248, 573

Pavlov, Valentin, 493–4, 496, 499

Peace, Decree of (Lenin’s), 68

peaceful co-existence, 399

Pearl Harbor, 268

peasants: and farm technology, 5; and land tenure, 5–6, 22, 34, 39–41, 55–6, 67–8, 86; traditionalism, 5–6, 22, 90, 130, 147; emancipation (1861), 6, 71; and industrial workers, 8–9; migrant and seasonal labourers, 8; unrest, 13, 119–20, 122, 124, 127, 183; and 1905 revolution, 14–15; representation in Duma, 15–16; Socialist Revolutionaries and, 19–20; in World War I, 28, 31; demand increased prices for produce, 52, 90; act against gentry landlords, 55–6; in army unrest, 56–7; self-government, 60, 90; direct action by, 69, 86; learn of October Revolution, 73; refuse to sell grain, 79; and land nationalization, 82; servicemen demobilized (1918), 86–7; middle (serednyaki), 90–91; grain hoarding, 109–10, 163–4, 174; conscription of, 120; and tax- in-kind, 124–5; and NEP, 126; religious observance, 135, 204; coercion against, 146; standard of living, 146–7; and United Opposition, 160; and forced collectivization, 179–84; imprisoned, 179; Stalin’s attitude to, 182–3; in Ukraine, 202; private plots and marketing, 243, 284, 298–9, 351, 402, 516; migrate to towns and cities, 245–6, 328, 421; behaviour and manners, 246; World War II conditions, 286; post-World War II taxation, 304; under Khrushchev, 358–9; and Gorbachev’s reforms, 470–71; see also agriculture; collectivization; kolkhozes; kulaki

Pelevin, Viktor, 543

penal policy, 382; see also criminality and criminal gangs; Gulag pensions, 357, 541

Penza province, 39, 108

People’s Commissariat of Enlightenment, 95, 132

People’s Commissariat of Food Supplies, 109

People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, 97

People’s Commissariat for Nationalities (Narkomnats), 113, 116, 131

People’s Commissariats, 211, 216, 323

People’s Will (party), 18

perestroika (reconstruction), 441–2, 444, 464, 466, 480, 485, 488, 490

Perle, Richard, 444

Pershing missiles, 400

Persia see Iran

Peter I (the Great), Tsar, 4, 206, 226, 371, 512

Petrakov, Nikolai, 493

Petrograd see St Petersburg

Petrograd Society of Factory and Works Owners, 39

Petrovorets, 296

Pikhoya, Lyudmila, 511

Pilsudski, Jozef, 120

Pimen, Patriarch, 476

Platform of the Forty-Six, 156

Platonov, S.F., 200

Plzen (Czechoslovakia), 336

Podgorny, Nikolai, 236, 373, 378, 384, 388, 403

Pokrovski, M.N., 206

Poland: 1867 revolt, 12; 1905 unrest, 13; pre-World War I discontent, 23; offered independence (1917), 69; 1920 war with Russia, 120–1, 141; wins provinces, 128; right-wing dictatorship, 171; deportations to Kazakhstan, 225; Communist Party purged, 231; 1939 invasion of, 256–7; and Russian advance in World War II, 267–8; officers murdered, 268; post-World War II settlement, 270–71, 306–7; and formation of Cominform, 308; collectivization in, 311; unrest in, 336, 342, 344; economic expansion, 386; workers’ opposition develops, 409, 411; affected by Chernobyl disaster, 445; communism collapses in (1989), 483; economic recovery, 519; joins NATO 537; relations with Russia, 537, 556, 561, 562

police: venality, 519

Politburo: introduced, 111–12; and local disputes, 119; and NEP, 124–5, 143–4, 156, 162–3; crushes strikes, 127, 143–4; and republics and nationalities, 129–30; suppresses class enemies, 137; encourages education, 142; power control in, 151–2, 211–12, 216; and Lenin’s death, 153; criticized by Platform of the Forty-Six, 156; and economic recovery, 159–60, 162, 217; Trotski criticizes, 159; and industrial planning, 160, 178; and Stalin’s grain procurement, 172–3; agrarian policy, 179–81; and national security, 187; and living standards, 193; authority and jurisdiction, 208; sanctions violence, 211; meetings reduced, 219; Stalin undermines power, 220; and Great Terror, 221; Stalin reduces meetings, 232, 339; privileges, 320–21; redesignated Presidium, 327; silence on Stalin’s policies, 330; and Eastern Europe, 385–7; name restored, 385; and foreign policy, 388–90; and non-Russian nationalism, 390, 423–4; stabilizes policies (1960s), 392; resolution on agricultural production (1976), 402; age of members, 404–5, 439; on developed socialism, 405–6; economic reforms, 408–9; abolishes educational discrimination, 410; sanctions invasion of Afghanistan, 411; and dissenters, 413–15; and material improvements, 417; and control of people, 420; and Andropov’s reforms, 431; and appointment of Gorbachev as Chernenko’s successor, 435; Gorbachev’s appointments to, 438–9, 486; relations with Gorbachev, 443, 446–7; and Gorbachev’s reforms, 451, 463, 485; ethnic composition, 456, 478; and economic crisis (1980s), 470; powers reduced at 28th Party Congress, 490

Politkovskaya, Anna, 556

pollution see environment

Polozkov, Ivan, 488–9, 494–5

Polyanski, Dmitri, 390, 403

Pomerantsev, Vladimir, 335

Ponomarev, B.N., 360

Popkov, Matvei D., 148

Popov, Gavril, 475, 520

Popov, Nikolai, 198

popular fronts, 230

Portsmouth, Treaty of (1906), 3

Portugal: African empire collapses, 399

Poskrebyshev, A.N., 219, 324

Pospelov, P.N., 237, 337

Postyshev, Petr, 213, 220, 242

Potsdam conference (1945), 273, 306

poverty, 7–9, 180–2, 249, 541

Powers, Gary, 353

Prague: Gorbachev visits, 463–4

‘Prague Spring’ (1968), 386–7

Pravda (newspaper): circulation, 72; Trotski writes in, 105; Party propaganda in, 140; and NEP, 172; sale price, 191; Stalin edits, 196; in countryside, 200; local investigations, 244; on espionage threat, 249; attacks Tito, 310; on agricultural problems, 320; on post-Stalin reforms, 332; 1962 debate on economic reform, 372; and Khrushchev’s successors, 378; postpones announcement of Kosygin’s death, 403; and static official policy, 409; on Gorbachev, 440; reports Yeltsin’s drunkenness, 489

Pre-Parliament (Provisional Council of the Russian Republic), 58

Preobrazhenski, Yevgeni, 153, 156–7, 161–2; The ABC of Communism (with