The Penguin History of Modern Russia

234, 275–6, 329; foreign policy, 178; imposes collectivization, 179–82, 250; and Terror, 185, 210, 221–9, 231–2, 235, 250, 275, 340, 342; builds up defence capacity, 186; opposition to, 187–8, 193–4; view of Germany, 187; aims at personal dictatorship, 189; and material improvements, 192–4; background, career and character, 195–8, 226; and wife’s suicide, 195; personality cult, 198–200, 237, 250, 289, 315; accused of genocide, 202; and Soviet culture and identity, 205–8; reads historical works, 206; and Party’s power, 211–12; loses General Secretaryship at 17th Party Congress, 213–14; purges Party and armed services, 214–21, 223, 225, 231; supremacy, 219, 232–3, 238, 241–2, 314–15, 551; purges foreign communist parties, 229–31; intervenes in Spanish Civil War, 230; and totalitarianism, 235, 252–3; and communist theory and history, 237–9; introduces 1936 Constitution, 239–40; supporting network, 240–3; pressurizes subordinates, 244–5; and arts, 249; unpopularity, 250–51; and threat of World War II, 254–5, 259–60; pact with Nazis (1939), 255–6; and outbreak of World War II, 256–7; conciliates Hitler, 259; and German invasion, 260–61; and conduct of World War II, 262–6; considers separate peace, 268; meets Allied war leaders, 268–71, 273; relations with Allies, 269–70; and post-World War II European settlement, 270–72, 306–10; position at end of World War II, 273; orders wartime deportations, 276–7; World War II administration and concessions, 279–85; wartime concessions to Church, 281–2; hated by minority nationalities, 284; post-World War II repressive regime, 292–301; and Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe, 305–6; Tito criticizes, 310; militaristic foreign policy, 313; health decline, 314, 324; assumes Generalissimus title, 315; identifies with Russians, 315–17; chauvinism, 316–18; cultural views and interests, 317–20; ideological views, 321–3; life-style, 321; anti-Semitism, 324; at 19th Party Congress, 325–7; collapse, death and burial, 327–8, 330, 361; successors, 331–2, 376; denounced by Khrushchev at 20th Party Congress, 338–42, 344, 360; appoints Brezhnev, 383; rehabilitation moves, 405; Gorbachev on, 451, 454; Yakovlev criticizes, 459; economic rigidity, 550; ‘Dizzy with Success’, 180; The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, 322; The Foundations of Leninism (lectures), 157–8; Marxism and Questions of Linguistics, 318, 322

Stalingrad (formerly Tsaritsyn): in civil war, 198; in World War II, 265–6, 269

Stamenov, Ivan, 268

standard of living see living standards

standardization (of products), 192

Stankevich, Sergei, 520

‘Star Wars’ see Strategic Defence Initiative

Starkov, Vladislav, 479, 449

Starodubtsev, Vasili, 497, 499, 515

Starovoitova, Galina, 521

state, the: defined, 88; withering away theory, 239–40, 321; power of,

243–5; Stalin’s organization of, 322–4, 329–30; overcentralized, 330; popular suspicion of, 416

State Agro-Industrial Committee, 437

State Committee for the Agro-Industrial Complex (Gosagroprom), 440

State Committee of Defence (World War II), 262, 264

State Committee of the Emergency Situation (1991), 499–503, 515, 520

State Committee of Religious Affairs, 369

State Council: formed (1991), 502

State Duma (Russian Federation), see Duma

state economic ownership (nationalization), 79, 92, 94

State Enterprise, Law on the, 451–2, 460, 468, 470

State Planning Commission (Gosplan): Trotski supports, 151; and modification of NEP, 159; 1925 control figures, 160; Stalin intimidates, 175; and First Five-Year Plan, 179; and Khrushchev’s reforms, 373; and Kosygin’s reforms, 379

statistical misinformation, 467

Stavropol Region, 435–7

Sten, Jan, 197

Stepashin, Sergei: becomes Prime Minister, 530, 545

Stolypin, Petr, 16–17, 21, 111

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I and SALT II), 388, 399–400

Strategic Defence Initiative (‘Star Wars’), 432, 443–4, 446

strikes: pre-World War I, 9, 21; in World War I, 32, 38; Party proposes banning, 121; crushed by Politburo, 127; under NEP, 143; under Gorbachev, 472, 494; and capitalism, 514, 542

Strugatski, Arkadi and Boris, 415

Strumilin, S.G., 171–2, 322

Sudakov, Guri, 544

Sudetenland, 231, 255

Suez crisis (1956), 343

suicide, 417

Sultan-Galiev, Mirza Said, 131

Sumgait, 457

Supreme Soviet: elections to, 240, 298, 475; convened after Stalin’s death, 331; supervisory and veto rights, 479; criticisms of Gorbachev, 480; and economic crisis, 492

Suslov, Mikhail: career, 236; on Khrushchev, 346; opposes Pasternak, 365; Khrushchev encourages, 373; and ousting of Khrushchev, 376–8; lacks ambition for leadership, 384; and succession to Brezhnev, 404, 426; censors scholars, 416; promotes ideology, 418–19; death, 426

Sverdlov University, Moscow, 141

Sverdlov, Yakov M.: supports Bolsheviks in power, 61, 74, 85; and 1917/18 peace agreement, 77–8; Jewishness, 85; administrative agreement with colleagues, 110–11; and central authority, 111

Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), 107, 418, 504, 521

Sweden, 294

Syrtsov, Sergei, 170, 187

Szklarska Pore?ba (Poland), 308

Tajikestan (formerly Tajikistan), 131, 370, 422, 481–2, 506, 520, 535

Talyzin, Nikolai, 439

Tambov (Volga), 119, 124, 127

Tannenberg, Battle of (1914), 26

Tarkovski, Andrei, 415

Tarle, E.V., 200, 206

Tashkent: riots (1969), 390

Tatar Republic, 114

Tatars, 84, 114

Tatarstan: demands recognition of independence, 490, 521; welcomes putsch against Gorbachev, 503; after communism, 539

taxation: in kind, 121, 124–5; on super-profits, 163; post-World War II, 304; and centralization under Yeltsin, 521

Tbilisi: 1989 demonstration and massacre, 473, 479

Tchaikovsky, Peter see Chaikovski, Petr

teachers, 191, 541

Tehran meeting (1943), 263, 269

television, 420

Tereshchenko, M.I., 57

terror, 107–8, 112, 116, 145, 185, 210, 216, 221–9, 231–2, 235, 244, 250, 275, 340, 342, 348, 381–3, 533, 567; see also purges

Thatcher, Margaret, 439, 444

Third World, 389, 398–9