The Penguin History of Modern Russia

United States of America: and World War I, 78; and Russian civil war, 102; diplomatic relations with USSR, 229; in World War II, 268, 277; sends wartime supplies to USSR, 269; and post-World War II European settlement, 271; in war against Japan, 272; Soviet wartime suspicion of, 280; post-war rivalry with USSR (‘Cold War’), 294, 301, 302, 310, 312–13, 330, 336, 400; foreign policy hardens, 308; and Korean war, 312, 330; Eastern Europe an policy, 330; Khrushchev’s policy on, 352–4; Khrushchev visits, 353; threatens nuclear retaliation, 353; Khrushchev attacks, 362; and Cuba missile crisis, 374; and nuclear control, 388; and detente with USSR, 399; relations with China, 399–400; and Vietnam War, 399; and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 411; Andropov suggests mutual accords with, 432; and Gorbachev, 444, 464–5, 496; Clinton–Yeltsin ‘partnership’, 536

Unity (party), 552

universities, 141, 321

Urals Republic, 521

Urals-Siberian method, 174

urbanization, 245–6, 328, 421

Usov, Vladimir, 501

Ustinov, Dmitri, 236, 404, 426, 428, 431, 434

Uzbekistan: nationalism, 131, 391, 474; education in, 190; scandals in, 456; ethnic violence, 481–2; declares sovereignty (1990), 489–90; joins Commonwealth of Independent States, 507; resistance to reform, 553

Uzbeks: birth rate, 422; riots with Meshketian Turks, 481

Valentinov, Nikolai, 71

Vareikis, I.M., 213

Varennikov, General Valentin, 497–8

Varga, Jeno, 301

Vasilevski, Alexander, 265

Venezuela, 562

Venzher, V.G., 322

Vienna summit (1961), 354

Vietnam, 389, 399

villages see communes; peasants

Vilnius, 296, 457, 494

Vinogradov, V.N., 324

Vistula, river, 121

Vladivostok, 4, 399, 460, 465

Vlasik, N.S., 324

Vlasov, Aleksei, 421

Vlasov, Lieut.-General A.N., 264, 277, 300

Voice of America (radio), 415

Volga Germans, 276–7, 367

Volga region, 79, 102, 104, 106

Volga, river: pollution, 468

Volsky, Arkadi, 515

Volunteer Army, 113

Vorkuta, 335

Voronov, G.I., 401–3

Voroshilov, Kliment E., 155, 219–20, 241, 262, 265, 316, 333

Voznesenski, Andrei, 365

Voznesenski, Nikolai A., 302, 303

Vrangel, General Petr N., 116, 136

Vyazma, 264

Vyborg (Finland), 15

Vysotski, Vladimir, 415

wages: level of, 143, 146, 178, 250, 304–5, 356–7, 416; differential, 192; increase under Gorbachev, 468; arrears under Yeltsin, 516, 519, 541

Walesa, Lech, 409

War Communism, 127, 170

War-Industry Committees (World War I), 29–30

Warsaw: and Russian advance in World War II, 267; Soviet building in, 323; 1956 strikes, 342

Warsaw Pact: formed,

337; and Polish unrest, 411; and Gorbachev’s foreign policy, 442–3, 463–4, 484;

see also Eastern Europe

Webb, Sidney and Beatrice: Soviet Communism: A New Civilization?, 240

Weinberger, Caspar, 444

welfare see social welfare

West Germany see German Federal Republic

wheat see grain

White armies, 102, 113, 116–17

White House see Moscow

Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 1, 102, 107

Winter Palace (St Petersburg), 65, 89

Witte, Sergei, 4, 14

women: exercise power, 86; position of, 143, 417; and abortion, 422; and Andropov’s regime, 429–30

Women of Russia (party), 527, 530

workers: pre-World War I expansion, 8; aspire to control,

56; win control, 68, 88; direct action by, 69; apathy about soviets, 83; post-revolutionary status, 87–8; behaviour, 89–90; education of, 96, 142; in state administration, 96; unrest, 122; Bolshevik advancement of, 142–4; acquiescence, 146; and conditions of employment, 146; conditions, 184; under First Five-Year Plan, 184; and Stakhanovism, 217, 244; wartime diet, 276; turnover, 359–60; conditions under Brezhnev, 409–10; promotion reduced, 422; after communism, 541; poverty level, 539; see also labour

Workers’ Opposition, 117–18, 121, 125–6, 161

Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate, 118–19, 148, 171

World Trade Centre (New York), 554–5

World War I: outbreak, 25–6; conduct of, 26–7, 30, 49, 52–3; 1917/18 peace agreement, 62, 68,

75–8; unrest against, 81; and change in social behaviour, 143

World War II: conduct and campaigns, 254–73; outbreak (1939), 256; early Soviet setbacks, 260–62; ends, 272; administration and organization in, 276–9; casualties and damage, 279, 286, 295–6; repression in, 280; living conditions, 285; German occupation regime and behaviour, 286–90; patriotism in, 288–90writers and artists

see intelligentsia; literature

Yabloko (‘Apple’; political grouping), 526, 557, 561

Yagoda, G., 185, 218, 221

Yakovlev, Alexander: opposes Russian nationalism, 423; radicalism, 449, 459; Gorbachev promotes, 459, 462, 486; and Eastern Europe, 463; Gorbachev’s view of, 487; voted off Central Committee, 490–91, 493; rift with Gorbachev, 493; warns Gorbachev of coup, 496; at siege of Moscow White House, 501

Yakovlev, Yegor, 449

Yakunin, Gleb, 382, 476

Yalta conference (1945), 263, 269, 271–2, 305

Yanaev, Gennadi, 494, 496, 498–501

Yanson, N., 178–9