in Public: The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology (Princeton, 1997), pp. 91–2.
7. RGALI, f. 2804, op. 1, dd. 22, 40, 1389; V. Erashov, Kak molniia v nochi (Moscow, 1988), p. 344.
8. O. Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London, 1996), pp. 752–68.
9. I. Stalin, Sochineniia, 13 vols. (Moscow, 1946–55), vol. 6, p. 248.
10. K. Geiger, The Family in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), p. 61.
11. L. Kirschenbaum, Small Comrades: Revolutionizing Childhood in Soviet Russia, 1917–1932 (New York, 2001), p. 48.
12. O. Maitich, ‘Utopia in Daily Life’, in J. Bowlt and O. Maitich (eds.), Laboratory of Dreams: The Russian Avant-garde and Cultural Experiment (Stanford, 1996), pp. 65–6; V. Buchli, An Archaeology of Socialism (Oxford, 1999), pp. 65–8.
13. W. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936 (Cambridge, 1993), p. 107; N. Lebina, Povsednevnaia zhizn’ sovetskogo goroda: normy i anomalii, 1920–1930 gody (St Petersburg, 1999), p. 272.
14. I. Halfin, ‘Intimacy in an Ideological Key: The Communist Case of the 1920s and 1930s’, in same author (ed.), Language and Revolution: Making Modern Political Identities (London, 2002), pp. 187–8.
15. L. Trotsky, Problems of Everyday Life: Creating the Foundations of a New Society in Revolutionary Russia (London, 1973), p. 72; A. Inkeles and R. Bauer, The Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), p. 205.
16. Trotsky, Problems of Everyday Life, p. 48.
17. MSP, f. 3, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 2, 7, 46– 62.
18. See O. Figes, Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (London, 2002), pp. 119–30.
19. MSP, f. 3, op. 18, d. 2, ll. 24, 26.
20. MSP, f. 3, op. 12, d. 2, l. 15.
21. E. Bonner, Mothers and Daughters (London, 1992), pp. 40, 46, 61–2, 101.
22. Buchli, An Archaeology of Socialism, p. 131.
23. V. Maiakovskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 13 vols. (Moscow, 1955–61), vol. 2, pp. 74–5.
24. V. Dunham, In Stalin’s Time: Middle-Class Values in Soviet Fiction (Durham, 1990), 2. p. 64 (translation slightly altered for clarity).
25. W. Rosenberg (ed.), Bolshevik Visions: First Phase of the Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia, 2 vols. (Ann Arbor, 1990), vol. 1, p. 37 (translation slightly altered for clarity).
26. MM, f. 1, op. 1, dd. 167, 169; f. 12, op. 27, d. 2, ll. 47–54.
27. MSP, f. 3, op. 47, d. 2, ll. 32–3, 59– 64; d. 3, ll. 1–6; L.El’iashova, My ukhodim, my ostaemsia. Kniga 1: Dedy, ottsy (St Petersburg, 2001), pp. 191–4.
28. OR RNB, f. 1156, d. 597, ll. 3, 14; IISH, Vojtinskij, No. 11 (Box 3, file 5 /b); VOFA, A. Levidova, ‘Vospominaniia’, ms., p. 11; interview with Ada Levidova, St Petersburg, May 2004.
29. OR RNB, f. 1156, d. 576, ll. 4, 12– 19; d. 577, l. 1; d. 597, l. 51; VOFA, A. Levidova, ‘Vospominaniia’, ms., p. 12.
30. V. Zenzinov, Deserted: The Story of the Children Abandoned in Soviet Russia (London, 1931), p. 27.
31. A. Lunacharskii, O narodnom obrazovanii (Moscow, 1948), p. 445.
32. E. M. Balashov, Shkola v rossiiskom obshchestve 1917–1927 gg. Stanovlenie ‘novogo cheloveka’ (St Petersburg, 2003), p. 33; J. Ceton, School en kind in Sowjet-Rusland (Amsterdam, 1921), p. 3. On work and play in kindergartens see L. Kirschenbaum, Small Comrades: Revolutionizing Childhood in Soviet Russia, 1917–32 (New York, 2001), pp. 120–23.
33. MP, f. 4, op. 18, d. 2, ll. 1–2; RGAE, f. 9455, op. 2, d. 154; L. Holmes, ‘Part of History: The Oral Record and Moscow’s Model School No. 25, 1931–1937’, Slavic Review, 56 (Summer 1997), pp. 281–3; S. Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921–1934 (Cambridge, 1979), p. 27; SFA, I. Slavina, ‘Tonen’kii nerv istorii’, ms., p. 16.
34. RGAE, f. 9455, op. 2, d. 30, ll. 241–56; d. 51, ll. 113–14; d. 154, ll. 47–8.
35. RGAE, f. 9455, op. 2, d. 154, l. 397; d. 155, ll. 5, 8, 9, 15; d. 156, ll. 11–12, 171; d. 157, ll. 98–103.
36. R. Berg, Sukhovei: vospominaniia genetika (Moscow, 2003), p. 29.
37. A. Mar’ian, Gody moi, kak soldaty: dnevnik sel’skogo aktivista, 1925–1953 gg. (Kishinev, 1987), p. 17; E. Liusin, Pis’mo – vospominaniia o prozhitykh godakh (Kaluga, 2002), pp. 18–19. See further C. Kelly, ‘Byt, Identity and Everyday Life’, in S. Franklin and E. Widdis (eds.), National Identity in Russian Culture: An Introduction (Cambridge, 2004), pp. 157–67.
38. Balashov, Shkola v rossiiskom obshchestve, p. 137.
39. MSP, f. 3, op. 37, d. 2, ll. 8–9; op. 14, d. 3, ll. 24–6; MP, f. 4, op. 24, d. 2, ll. 41–2; op. 3, d. 2, l. 24; V. Frid, 58?: zapiski lagernogo pridurka (Moscow, 1996), p. 89.
40. MSP, f. 3, op. 8, d. 2, ll. 1, 7; MP, f. 4, op. 9, d. 2, ll. 11–12.
41. C. Kelly, ‘Shaping the “Future Race”: Regulating the Daily Life of Children in Early Soviet Russia’, in C. Kaier and E. Naiman (eds.), Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside (Bloomington, 2006), p. 262; Rosenberg, Bolshevik Visions, vol. 2, p. 86; MP, f. 4, op. 24, d. 2, l. 43.
42. Interview with Vasily Romashkin, Norilsk, July 2004.
43. Interview with Ida Slavina, Cologne, June 2003.
