The Whisperers

85. MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 3, ll. 34– 5.

86. On the peasant revolution see O. Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution, 1917–1921 (Oxford, 1989).

87. MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 3, ll. 8, 104; G. Dobronozhenko, Kollektivizatsiia na Severe, 1929–1932 (Syktyvkar, 1994), pp. 27– 8.

88. MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 3, ll. 7– 8.

89. MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 2, ll. 18, 69.

90. MSP, f. 3, op. 2, d. 2, ll. 20, 43– 5.

91. VFA, E. Vittenburg, ‘Pamiati P. V. Vittenburga’, ms., p. 4; interviews with Yevgeniia Vittenburg, St Petersburg, August 2003, September 2004; E. Vittenburg, Vremia poliarnykh stran (St Petersburg, 2002), pp. 44–74.

92. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 351, l. 3; interview with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, November 2003.

93. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 2613, ll. 7, 13; K. Simonov, Segodnia i davno (Moscow, 1978), p. 65. Family legend has it that Aleksandra blamed Mikhail for the miscarriage of a baby daughter and decided to leave him (interview with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, June 2003).

94. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 360; op. 9, d. 2613, ll. 3, 13.

95. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 2698, l. 1.

96. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 360, l. 31.

97. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 353, l. 38; d. 337, l. 7.

98. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 339, l. 11; op. 9, d. 1534, l. 31.

99. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 6, d. 70, l. 103; d. 170, l. 17; op. 9, d. 2613, l. 13; dd. 23, 24.

100. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 1533, l. 18; d. 24, l. 16; d. 25, ll. 6, 17, 26; d. 1010, ll. 9–10; Simonov, Segodnia i davno, p. 66.

101. K. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia (Moscow, 1990), pp. 25–6.

102. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 25, l. 12; d. 1010, ll. 16–19; op. 10, d. 339, l. 11.

103. SLFA, M. Laskin, ‘Vospominaniia’, ms., p. 2.

104. SLFA, ‘Lichnyi listok po uchety kadrov’ (Samuil Laskin); interviews with Fania Laskina, Moscow, November 2003, March 2005.

105. A. Ball, Russia’s Last Capitalists: The NEPmen 1921–1929 (Berkeley, 1987), p. 39.

106. Interviews with Fania Laskina, Moscow, June, November 2003, February, July 2004; interviews with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, November 2003; SLFA, M. Laskin, ‘Vospominaniia’, ms., pp. 20, 21, 29.

107. Y. Slezkine, The Jewish Century (Berkeley, 2005), p. 217; Vsesoiuznaia perepis’ naseleniia. 1937 g. Kratkie itogi (Moscow, 1991), p. 90.

108. A. Shternshis, Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Bloomington, 2006), pp. 35–43; J. Veidlinger, The Moscow State Yiddish Theatre: Jewish Culture on the Soviet Stage (Bloomington, 2000).

109. Interviews with Fania Laskina, Moscow, June, November 2003; interview with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, November 2003; SLFA, M. Laskin, ‘Vospominaniia’, p. 19.

110. Interview with Rebekka (Rita) Kogan, St Petersburg, May 2003.

111. I. Slavin, Protsess v Novikakh (Vitebsk, 1920).

112. SFA, I. Slavina, ‘Tonen’kii nerv istorii’, ms., p. 11; interview with Ida Slavina, Cologne, October 2003.

113. Interview with Fania Laskina, Moscow, March 2005.

114. A. Barmine, One Who Survived: The Life Story of a Russian Under the Soviets (New York, 1945), pp. 124–5; H. Kuromiya, Stalin’s Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers, 1928–1932 (Cambridge, 1988), p. 110; RGAE, f. 9455, op. 2, d. 157, l. 183.

115. V. Danilov, ‘Vvedenie: sovetskaia derevnia v gody “Bol’shogo terrora”’, in Tragediia sovetskoi derevni: kollektivizatsiia i raskulachivanie. Dokumenty i materialy v 5 tomakh 1927–1939, 5 vols. (Moscow, 1999–2004), vol. 5: 1937–1939, Part 1, 1937, p. 9; A.Meyer, ‘The War Scare of 1927’, Soviet Union/Union Sovietique, vol. 5, no. 1 (1978), pp. 1–25; S. Fitzpatrick, ‘The Foreign Threat During the First Five Year Plan’, Soviet Union/Union Sovietique, vol. 5, no. 1 (1978), pp. 26–35; Stalin, Sochineniia, vol. 11, pp. 170–72.

116. R. Davies, The Industrialization of Soviet Russia 3: The Soviet Economy in Turmoil, 1929–1930 (London, 1989), p. 76; Ball, Russia’s Last Capitalists, pp. 76–7.

117. SLFA, ‘Lichnyi listok po uchety kadrov’ (Samuil Laskin); interviews with Fania Laskina, Moscow, November 2003, March 2005.

118. N. Mandelstam, Hope Abandoned (London, 1989), p. 551.

2: The Great Break (1928–32)

1. MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 2, l. 38; d. 3, l. 10.

2. AFSBVO, Arkhivno-sledstvennoe delo N. A. Golovina.

3. MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 2, ll. 102– 4.

4. MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 2, l. 93.

5. AFSBVO, Arkhivno-sledstvennoe delo N. A. Golovina; MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 2, l. 69; d. 3, ll. 7–8.

6. GAVO, f. 407, op. 1, d. 98, l. 7.