44. MSP, f. 3, op. 17, d. 2, l. 8.
45. P. Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929 (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 168– 9.
46. N. Vishniakova, Dnevnik Niny Vishniakovy (Sverdlovsk, 1990), pp. 28–9.
47. E. Dolmatovskii, Bylo: zapiski poeta (Moscow, 1982), pp. 22–3.
48. V. Pirozhkova, Poteriannoe pokolenie (St Petersburg, 1998), pp. 46–7.
49. Interview with Vasily Romashkin, Norilsk, July 2004; D. Hoffman, Stalinist Values: The Cultural Norms of Stalinist Modernity (Cornell, 2003), pp. 121–2.
50. M. Baitalsky, Notebooks for the Grandchildren: Recollections of a Trotskyist Who Survived the Stalin Terror (New Jersey, 1995), pp. 56, 68, 71 (translation slightly altered for clarity).
51. Lebina, Povsednevnaia zhizn’, p. 274.
52. Baitalsky, Notebooks for the Grandchildren, pp. 94–6, 161–2.
53. Stalin, Sochineniia, vol. 6, p. 46; Partiinaia etika, p. 287.
54. M. Rubinshtein, Sotsial’no-pravovye predstavleniia i samoupravleniia u detei (Moscow, 1925), pp. 69– 70.
55. Partiinaia etika, p. 329.
56. O. Khakhordin, The Collective and the Individual in Russia: A Study of Practices (Berkeley, 1999), pp. 35–74, 212–28. In a similar manner ‘proletarian consciousness’ required proof of consciousness (ideological commitment to the Party’s cause); it was not enough to be born into the proletariat, for there were many people of working-class origin who had developed a ‘petty-bourgeois’ mentality.
57. L. Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1970), p. 385.
58. See further I. Halfin, ‘From Darkness to Light: Student Communist Autobiography During NEP’, Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas, 45 (1997), pp. 210–36; same author, Terror in My Soul: Communist Autobiographies on Trial (Cambridge, Mass., 2003).
59. Khakhordin, The Collective and the Individual in Russia, pp. 123–5.
60. V. Kozlov, ‘Denunciation and Its Functions in Soviet Governance: A Study of Denunications and Their Bureaucratic Handling from Soviet Police Archives, 1944–1953’, Journal of Modern History, 68 (December 1996), p. 867; C. Hooper, ‘Terror from Within: Participation and Coercion in Soviet Power, 1924–64’ (Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 2003), p. 13.
61. XIV s’ezd VKP(b): stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow, 1926), p. 600.
62. Ibid., p. 615.
63. Bonner, Mothers and Daughters, p. 148.
64. Partiinaia etika, p. 329.
65. Interview with Elena Dombrovskaia, Moscow, January 2003.
66. MSP, f. 3, op. 48, d. 2, ll. 1, 23, 32– 4.
67. MSP, f. 3, op. 42, d. 2, ll. 5– 6.
68. MP, f. 4, op. 9, d. 1, ll. 4–8; d. 2, l. 13.
69. MP, f. 4, op. 12, d. 2, l. 7.
70. Bonner, Mothers and Daughters, p. 17.
71. V. Semenova, ‘Babushki: semeinye i sotsial’nye funktsii praroditel’skogo pokoleniia’, in Sud’ba liudei: Rossiia xx vek. Biografii semei kak ob’ekt sotsiologicheskogo issledovaniia (Moscow, 1996), pp. 326–54.
72. Bonner, Mothers and Daughters, pp. 14, 15, 16, 27, 40, 78, 145; interview with Elena Bonner, Boston, November 2006.
73. GFA, O. Golovnia, ‘Predislovie k pis’mam’, ms., p. 20; interview with Yevgeniia Golovnia, Moscow, November 2004.
74. Interview with Vladimir Fomin, St Petersburg, September 2003.
75. Interview with Yevgeniia Yevangulova, St Petersburg, March 2004; E. P. Evangulova, Krestnyi put’ (St Petersburg, 2000), pp. 7–9, 36; RGAE, f. 5208, op. 1, d. 28.
76. Interview with Boris Gavrilov, St Petersburg, June 2003.
77. ‘Obydennyi NEP (Sochineniia i pis’ma shkol’nikov 20-x godov)’, in Neizvestnaia Rossia xx vek, vol. 3 (Moscow, 1993), pp. 285– 7; HP, 59 A, vol. 5, p. 25; Inkeles and Bauer, The Soviet Citizen, p. 216. See similarly, S. Tchouikina, ‘The “Old” and “New” Intelligentsia and the Soviet State’, in T. Vihavainen (ed.), The Soviet Union–A Popular State? (St Petersburg, 2003), pp. 99–100.
78. Inkeles and Bauer, The Soviet Citizen, p. 223; MSP, f. 3, op. 52, d. 2, l. 19.
79. E. Olitskaia, Moi vospominaniia, 2 vols. (Frankurt, 1971), vol. 2, p. 56; MP, f. 4, op. 8, d. 2, l. 6. See also, MM, f. 12, op. 31, d. 2, ll. 1–2; MSP, f. 3, op. 53, d. 2, ll. 11–12; f. 3, op. 8, d. 2, ll. 1–7.
80. Partiinaia etika, p. 437; Liusin, Pis’mo, p. 11; MP, f. 4, op. 32, d. 4, l. 7.
81. Bonner, Mothers and Daughters, pp. 41, 138–9, 200–202.
82. MSP, f. 3, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 3–4, 7.
83. MSP, f. 3, op. 37, d. 2, ll. 13–15; I. Shikheeva-Gaister, Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti: 1925–1953 (Moscow, 1998), pp. 5–6.
84. V. Danilov, Sovetskaia dokolkhoznaia derevnia: naselenie, zemlepol’zovanie, khoziaistvo (Moscow, 1977), p. 31.
