11. Interviews with Lev Molotkov, St Petersburg, May 2003; Zinaida Belikova, St Petersburg, October 2003; MUFA, A. Golovanov, ‘Tetradki’, ms., p. 16.
12. TsKhDMO, f. 1, op. 23, d. 1265, l. 43.
13. J. Arch Getty and O. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939 (New Haven, 1999), pp. 52–4.
14. Ibid., p. 126.
15. S. Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia (Ithaca, 1992), pp. 160–61; same author, Education and Social Mobility, pp. 178, 246.
16. A. Man’kov, Dnevniki tridtsatykh godov (St Petersburg, 2001), pp. 82–3.
17. Stalinism as a Way of Life, pp. 124–5 (translation slightly altered for clarity).
18. L. Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed (New York, 1972), pp. 136, 138.
19. J. Gronow, Caviar with Champagne: Common Luxury and the Ideals of the Good Life in Stalin’s Russia (Oxford, 2003), p. 36; Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front, p. 224.
20. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 120, d. 138, ll. 78–9.
21. D. Hoffman, Stalinist Values: The Cultural Norms of Stalinist Modernity (Ithaca, 2003), pp. 126, 131; N. Timasheff, The Great Retreat: The Growth and Decline of Communism in Russia (New York, 1946), pp. 317–18. On the ideological role of kul’turnost’ (‘cultured life’) in the 1930s: V. Volkov, ‘The Concept of Kul’turnost’ : Notes on the Stalinist Civilizing Process’, in S. Fitzpatrick (ed.), Stalinism: New Directions (London, 2000), pp. 210–30.
22. L. Trotsky, Problems of Everyday Life: Creating the Foundations of a New Society in Revolutionary Russia (London, 1973), p. 98.
23. K. Gerasimova, ‘Public Privacy in the Soviet Communal Apartment’, in D. Crowley and S. Reid (eds.), Socialist Spaces: Sites of Everyday Life in the Eastern Bloc (Oxford, 2002), p. 210; V. Buchli, An Archaeology of Socialism (Oxford, 1999), p. 78.
24. S. Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (Oxford, 1999), pp. 150– 55; K. Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Chicago, 1981), p. 115; J. Brooks, ‘Revolutionary Lives: Public Identities in Pravda during the 1920s’, in S. White (ed.), New Directions in Soviet History (Cambridge, 1992), p. 34; Timasheff, The Great Retreat, pp. 199–200, 202; C. Kelly, Comrade Pavlik: The Rise and Fall of a Soviet Boy Hero (London, 2005), p. 158.
25. Interview with Marina Ivanova, St Petersburg, March 2004.
26. I. Shikheeva-Gaister, Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti: 1925–1953 (Moscow, 1998), pp. 15– 17.
27. J. Barber, ‘The Worker’s Day: Time Distribution in Soviet Working-Class Families, 1923–36’, paper presented to the Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham, 1978.
28. Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed, p. 156.
29. MFA, L. Makhnach, ‘Oskolki bylogo s vysoty nastoiashchego’, ms., pp. 2–5; interviews with Leonid Makhnach, Moscow, March, July 2004.
30. MFA, L. Makhnach, ‘Otets’, ms., pp. 2–4.
31. MFA, Vladimir to Maria Makhnach, 29 November 1935.
32. GFA, O. Golovnia, ‘Predisloviia k pis’mam…’ ms., pp. 3–4, 6, 12, 14, 47.
33. GFA, O. Golovnia, ‘Mezhdu kratovym i otdykhom’, ms., p. 1; ‘Predisloviia k pis’mam’, ms., p. 31; A. Golovnia, ‘Dnevnik’; interviews with Yevgeniia Golovnia, Moscow, March, July, October 2004.
34. GFA, ‘Predisloviia k pis’mam…’, ms., pp. 40–43, 58–61.
35. Ibid., p. 51.
36. E. Osokina, Za fasadom ‘stalinskogo izobiliia’. Raspredelenie i rynok v snabzhenii naseleniia v gody industrializatsii, 1927–41 (Moscow, 1998), pp. 128, 134; Man’kov, Dnevniki tridtsatykh godov, p. 272. See also Gronow, Caviar with Champagne, pp. 126–7.
37. A. Ledeneva, Russia’s Economy of Favours: Blat, Networking and Informal Exchange (Cambridge, 1998); Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, p. 63.
38. Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, p. 46.
39. S. Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley, 1997), pp. 161, 171, 175–6, 477.
40. N. Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope (London, 1989), p. 135.
41. See e.g. MSP, f. 3, op. 36, d. 2, ll. 3–9.
42. MSP, f. 3, op. 44, d. 2, l. 57.
43. The following section is based on interviews with thirty-seven residents of communal apartments during the 1930s. See the List of Interviews.
44. K. Gerasimova, ‘Public Privacy in the Soviet Communal Apartment’, p. 208; V. Semenova, ‘Ravenstvo v nishchete: simvolicheskoe znachenie “kommunalok”’, in Sud’ba liudei: Rossiia xx vek. Biografii semei kak ob’ekt sotsiologicheskogo issledovaniia (Moscow, 1996), p. 374.
45. K. Gerasimova, ‘Public Spaces in the Communal Apartment’, in G. Rittersporn, M. Rolfe and J. Behrends (eds.), Public Spheres in Soviet- Type Societies (Sonderdruck, 2003), p. 167; I. Utekhin, Ocherki kommunal’nogo byta (Moscow, 2001), pp. 148–9.
46. Interviews with Aleksei Iurasovsky, Moscow, March, June 2005.
47. P. Messana,
