The Whisperers

Kommunalka. Une histoire de l’Union sovietique a travers l’appartement communautaire (Paris, 1995), pp. 16–17. See also R. Berg, Sukhovei. Vospominaniia genetika (Moscow, 2003), p. 140.

48. SSEES, Pahl-Thompson Collection, E. V. Mamlin, pp. 1–7.

49. Interview with Minora Novikova, Moscow, May 2005.

50. Interview with Nina Paramonova, St Petersburg, June 2005.

51. Interview with Ninel Reifshneider, Moscow, April 2005.

52. MSP, f. 1, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 65–6; op. 23, d. 2, l. 93; Berg, Sukhovei, p. 141; interview with Elena Baigulova, St Petersburg, May 2005; SSEES, Pahl-Thompson Collection, E. V. Mamlin, p. 4.

53. Gerasimova, ‘Public Spaces’, pp. 185–6.

54. Interview with Nina Paramonova, St Petersburg, June 2005.

55. V. Semystiaha, ‘The Role and Place of Secret Collaborators in the Informational Activity of the GPU-NKVD in the 1920s and 1930s (on the Basis of Materials of the Donbass Region)’, Cahiers du Monde Russe, vol. 42, nos. 2–4 (2001), pp. 231–44. See also P.Holquist, “‘Information is the Alpha and Omega of Our Work”: Bolshevik Surveillancein its Pan- European Context’, Journal of Modern History, 69 (September 1997), pp. 415– 50.

56. Interview with Nina Paramonova, St Petersburg, June 2005; M. Baitalsky, Notebooks for the Grandchildren: Recollections of a Trotskyist Who Survived the Stalin Terror (New Jersey, 1995), p. 144.

57. Interview with Natalia Grigoreva, St Petersburg, May 2005.

58. Interview with anonymous, Moscow, March 2003.

59. Interview with Yevgeniia Moiseyenko, St Petersburg, September 2005.

60. Interview with Minora Novikova, Moscow, May 2005; SSEES, Pahl-Thompson Collection, G. E. Mamlina, p. 6.

61. Interview with Nina Paramonova, St Petersburg, June 2005; interview with Yevgeniia Moiseyenko, St Petersburg, September 2005; MSP, f. 3, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 71–2.

62. Gerasimova, ‘Public Privacy’, p. 224.

63. Interviews with Inna Shikheyeva (Gaister), Moscow, May 2005; Elizaveta Chechik, Moscow, April 2005; Minora Novikova, Moscow, May 2005; Maia Rodak, Moscow, October 2004; Tatiana Vasileva, St Petersburg, May 2005; Elena Baigulova, St Petersburg, May 2005.

64. Interviews with Elizaveta Chechik, Moscow, April 2005; Inna Shikheyeva (Gaister), Moscow, May 2005; Minora Novikova, Moscow, May 2005; SSEES, Pahl-Thompson Collection, E. V. Gavrilova, pp. 6–7; G. E. Mamlina, p. 12; MSP, f. 3, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 64–5.

65. SSEES, Pahl-Thompson Collection, A. A. Dobriakova, pp. 5–8.

66. Interview with Aleksei Iurasovsky, Moscow, March 2005. See also E. A. Skriabina, Stranitsy zhizni (Moscow, 1994), p. 84.

67. Interviews with Inna Shikheyeva (Gaister), Moscow, May 2005; Elizaveta Chechik, Moscow, April 2005; Minora Novikova, Moscow, May 2005; Maia Rodak, Moscow, October 2004; Tatiana Vasileva, St Petersburg, May 2005; SSEES, Pahl-Thompson Collection, E. V. Gavrilova, p. 7; E. V. Mamlin, p. 12.

68. Utekhin, Ocherki, pp. 94–5, 151, 153, 166; interview with Galina Markelova, St Petersburg, June 2004. See also MM, f. 12, op. 7, d. 2, ll. 12–15; TsGASP, f. 7384, op. 42, d. 343, ll. 421–4.

69. N. Lebina, Povsednevnaia zhizn’ sovetskogo goroda: normy i anomalii, 1920–1930 gody (St Petersburg, 1999), p. 195; interview with Elizaveta Chechik, Moscow, April 2005.

70. Interviews with Minora Novikova, Moscow, May 2005; Inna Shikheyeva (Gaister), Moscow, May 2005.

71. K. Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge (London, 1991), pp. 184, 219. See also A. Kelly, ‘In the Promised Land’, New York Review of Books, vol. 48, no. 19 (29 November 2001), from which I have drawn for this paragraph.

72. N. Patolichev, Ispytaniia na zrelost’ (Moscow, 1977), p. 170.

73. V. Petrov, Byt derevni v sochineniiakh shkol’nikov (Moscow, 1927); T. Egorov, Kem khotiat byt’ nashi deti? Sbornik detskikh pisem dlia ottsov (Moscow and Leningrad, 1929); G. Petelin, Dadim slovo shkol’niku (Moscow, 1931).

74. MSP, f. 3, op. 47, d. 2, l. 7.

75. R. Orlova, Vospominaniia o neproshedshem vremeni (Ann Arbor, 1983), p. 30.

76. Izvestiia, 14 July 1935, p. 2; A. Tertz, On Socialist Realism (New York, 1960), p. 78; Soviet Writers’ Congress, 1934: The Debate of Socialist Realism and Modernism (London, 1977), p. 157; S. Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia (Ithaca, 1992), p. 217; W. Leonhard, Child of the Revolution (London, 1957), 2. p. 22.

77. N. Kaminskaya, Final Judgment: My Life as a Soviet Defence Attorney (New York, 1982), pp. 18–21.

78. The Correspondence of Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, 1910–1954 (New York, 1982), p. 154; N. Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope: A Memoir (London, 1989), p. 115.

79. L. Kopelev, No Jail for Thought (London, 1975), pp. 11–13.

80. Leonhard, Child of the Revolution, p. 81.

81. D. Shearer, ‘Social Disorder, Mass Repression and the NKVD During the 1930s’, Cahiers du Monde Russe, vol. 42, nos. 2–4 (2001), pp. 505–34; P. Hagenloh, “‘Socially Harmful Elements” and the Great Terror’, in S. Fitzpatrick (ed.), Stalinism: New Directions (London, 2000), pp. 286–308.

82. RGALI, f. 1604, op. 1, d. 21, l. 32; A. Avdeenko, ‘Otluchenie’, Znamiia, no. 3 (1989), p. 11.