The Whisperers

83. C. Ruder, Making History for Stalin: The Story of the Belomor Canal (Gainesville, Fl., 1998), p. 50; G. Smith, D. S. Mirsky: A Russian-English Life, 1890–1939 (Oxford, 2000), p. 209; Avdeenko, ‘Otluchenie’, p. 18; Belomorsko-baltiiskii kanal imeni Stalina: istoriia stroitel’stva 1931–1934 gg. (Moscow, 1934).

84. A. Starkov, Mikhail Zoshchenko: sud’ba khudozhnika (Moscow, 1990), p. 139.

85. S. and B. Webb, Soviet Communism: A New Civilization?, 2 vols. (London, 1935), vol. 2, p. 591; Ivan Chukhin, Kanalo-armeitsy: istoriia stroitel’stva Belomorkanala v dokumentakh, tsifrakh, faktakh, fotografiiakh, svidetel’stvakh ychastnikov i ochevidtsev (Petrozavodsk, 1990), p. 37.

86. Ruder, Making History for Stalin, pp. 56–9.

87. Avdeenko, ‘Otluchenie’, p. 8; RGALI, f. 1814, op. 1, d. 944, ll. 6, 14.

88. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 339; d. 360, ll. 33, 35–6. On Simonov and Pudovkin: K. Simonov, ‘O Vsevolode Illarionoviche Pudovkine’, in Pudovkin v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Moscow, 1989), pp. 274–81.

89. K. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia (Moscow, 1990), pp. 39–41.

90. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 360, l. 34; Simonov, Glazami, pp. 39, 41, 45.

91. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 1, d. 1, ll. 13–14, 60; d. 848, l. 5; op. 10, d. 360, ll. 34–5.

92. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 339, l. 4.

93. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 360, l. 36.

94. RGALI, f. 632, op. 1, d. 1; d. 16, ll. 5, 12.

95. N. Tipot (Sokolova), ‘Dnevnik’, private archive.

96. RGALI, f. 632, op. 1, d. 15, ll. 23–7; d. 16, ll. 7–8; f. 1814, op. 9, d. 2606, l. 6; op. 10, d. 339, l. 11; interview with Lazar Lazarev, Moscow, November 2003.

97. L. Lazarev, Konstantin Simonov. Ocherk zhizni i tvorchestva (Moscow, 1985), pp. 18, 35; A. Karaganov, Konstantin Simonov vblizi i na rasstoianii (Moscow, 1987), pp. 9, 10; RGALI, f. 1814, op. 1, d. 71.

98. Simonov, Glazami, pp. 42–5; RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 25, l. 13; d. 1010, ll. 16–19, 25.

99. Simonov, Glazami, pp. 46–7.

100. Ibid., pp. 48–9.

101. Ibid., p. 47.

102. TsGAIPD, f. 1278, op. 1, d. 439869, l. 4.

103. SFA, I. Slavina, ‘Tonen’kii nerv istorii’, ms., pp. 16–17, 30; interview with Ida Slavina, Cologne, September 2003.

104. I. Slavin, Vreditel’stvo na fronte sovetskogo ugolovnogo prava (Moscow, 1931), p. 76; SFA, I. Slavina, ‘Put’ na plakhu’, ms., p. 29.

105. I. Slavin, ‘K voprosu o prinuditel’nykh rabotakh bez soderzhaniia pod strazhei’, Ezhenedel’nik sovetskoi iustitsii, 1922, no. 36; ‘Proizvodstvennye tovarishcheskie sudi i revoliutsiia’, Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, 1931, no. 7; ‘Nekotorye voprosy praktiki proizvodstvenno-tovarishcheskikh sudov’, Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, 1932, nos. 5–6.

106. SPbF ARAN, f. 229, op. 1, d. 100, ll. 44–5.

107. TsGAIPD, f. 1816, op. 2, d. 5095, l. 66.

108. SPbF ARAN, f. 229, op. 1, d. 93, ll. 4, 6; d. 100, l. 67; d. 120, ll. 7–12; d. 122, ll. 6–10; SFA, ‘Put’ na plakhu’, pp. 79–81; interviews with Ida Slavina, Cologne, June, October, 2003; TsGAIPD, f. 563, op. 1, d. 1467, l. 117.

109. S. Wheatcroft, ‘The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45’, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 48, no. 8 (1996), pp. 1338–40.

110. Interview with Yevgeniia Vittenburg, St Petersburg, August 2003; E. Vittenburg, Vremia poliarnykh stran (St Petersburg, 2002), pp. 106–12.

111. I. Flige, ‘Osoblag Vaigach’, Vestnik Memoriala, no. 6 (St Petersburg, 2001), pp. 12–19.

112. VFA, letter from Zinaida to Veronika and Valentina Vittenburg, 26 August 1933.

113. Interview with Yevgeniia Vittenburg, St Petersburg, August 2003.

114. Interview with Yevgeniia Vittenburg, St Petersburg, September 2004.

115. VFA, ‘Sotsdogovor ambulatornogo vracha sanotdela vaigachskoi ekspeditsii NKVD Vittenburg Z.I. ot 2 marta 1933’; letter from Zinaida to Veronika and Valentina Vittenburg, undated [1935]; interview with Yevgeniia Vittenburg, St Petersburg, September 2004.

116. Interviews with Yevgeniia Vittenburg, St Petersburg, August 2003, September 2004; VFA, letter from Zinaida to Yevgeniia Vittenburg, 3 November 1935; ‘Dnevnik v pis’makh P. V. Vittenburga docheri Evgenii’, p. 54; Vittenburg, Vremia poliarnykh stran, p. 134.

117. VFA, letter from Pavel to Yevgeniia Vittenburg, 13 September 1936; ‘Dnevnik v pis’makh P. V. Vittenburga docheri Evgenii’, ms., p. 7.

118. MM, f. 1, op. 4, Trudovaia kniga; f. 12, op. 9, d. 2.

119. MM, f. 12, op. 2, d. 2, l. 13; d. 3, l. 43.

120. S. Rosefield, ‘Stalinism in Post- Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labour and Economic Growth in the 1930s’, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 48, no. 6 (1996), p. 969.

121. MSP, f. 3, op. 1, d. 2, ll. 1–14; d. 5, ll. 1–5, 12–15; Pravda, 3 November 1929, p. 5;

122. P. Broue,