The Whisperers

2002), pp. 272–3.

110. O. Khlevniuk, ‘The Objectives of the Great Terror, 1937–1938’, in D. Hoffman (ed.), Stalinism (London, 2003), p. 98; Jansen and Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, pp. 187–8, 192.

111. SLFA, Mark Laskin, ‘Vospominaniia’, ms., p. 41.

112. Simonov, Glazami, p. 59.

113. V. Shentalinsky, The KGB’s Literary Archive (London, 1993), pp. 186–7.

114. RGALI, f. 1712, op. 1, d. 21, l. 4, op. 4, d. 8, l. 37.

115. RGALI, f. 1712, op. 3, d. 13, l. 1.

116. GARF, f. 5446, op. 82, d. 66, ll. 287–8. See also L. Siegelbaum and A. Sokolov (eds.), Stalinism as a Way of Life: A Narrative in Documents (Yale, 2000), pp. 237–41.

117. Adamova-Sliuzberg, Put’, pp. 77–8.

118. P. Solomon, Soviet Criminal Justice under Stalin (Cambridge, 1996), p. 234.

119. M. Shreider, NKVD iznutri: zapiski chekista (Moscow, 1995), p. 42.

120. Ibid., p. 91.

121. Ibid., pp. 104–5.

122. Ibid., p. 120.

123. Bonner, Mothers and Daughters, p. 304.

124. A. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation, 3 vols. (London, 1974–8), vol. 2, p. 637.

125. Adamova-Sliuzberg, Put’, pp. 11–12.

126. MSP, f. 3, op. 37, d. 2, l. 93.

127. MSP, f. 3, op. 12, d. 2, ll. 42– 3.

128. MP, f. 4, op. 6, d. 2, ll. 6–10, 39–41, 45–9; d. 3, ll. 1–6.

129. Golgofa, pp. 30, 32, 35; interview with Vladimir Piatnitsky, St Petersburg, August 2005.

130. MSP, f. 3, op. 18, d. 1, l. 1; d. 2, ll. 2–3, 7–10.

131. MP, f. 4, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 7–8, 13–16, 18, 19, 21–2, 26–30.

132. See e.g. MSP, f. 3, op. 4, d. 2; MP, f. 4, op. 4, d. 2; V. Shapovalov (ed.), Remembering the Darkness: Women in Soviet Prisons (Lanham, 2001), pp. 228–9; N. Ulanovskaia and M. Ulanovskaia, Istoriia odnoi sem’i (New York, 1982), p. 135.

133. MM, f. 12, op. 2, d. 2, ll. 16– 20.

134. O. Liubchenko, ‘Arbat 30, kvartira 58’, Istochnik, 1993, nos. 5–6, pp. 26–9.

135. SFA, I. Slavina, ‘Tonen’kii nerv istorii’, ms., p. 31; interview with Ida Slavina, Cologne, June 2003.

136. Bonner, Mothers and Daughters, pp. 254–5 (where Bonner mistakenly names the school director as Klavdia Vasileevna); interview with Elena Bonner, Boston, November 2006.

137. Interview with Ida Slavina, Cologne, September 2004.

138. MSP, f. 3, op. 46, d. 2, ll. 17–18, 42–3.

139. MP, f. 4, op. 18, d. 2, l. 53.

140. MSP, f. 3, op. 37, d. 2, ll. 23–5, 37.

141. MM, f. 1, op. 1, d. 169 (Sofia to Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, 16 October 1937).

142. GARF, f. 7523, op. 123, d. 202, ll. 16–19.

143. GARF, f. 5446, op. 26, d. 105, ll. 35–6.

144. Adamova-Sliuzberg, Put’, pp. 60–63.

145. MP, f. 4, op. 6, d. 2, ll. 37– 8.

146. MSP, f. 3, op. 4, d. 2, l. 24.

147. The Diary of Nina Kosterina (London, 1972), pp. 35, 44, 53, 85, 163, 165.

148. M. Baitalsky, Notebooks for the Grandchildren: Recollections of a Trotskyist Who Survived the Stalin Terror (New Jersey, 1995), pp. 334–5.

149. MSP, f. 3, op. 10, d. 1, l. 1; d. 3, ll. 7, 10–11.

150. Golgofa, pp. 41, 46, 53–4; interview with Vladimir Piatnitsky, St Petersburg, September 2005.

151. Golgofa, pp. 33, 42.

152. Ibid., pp. 41–2.

153. Interview with Vladimir Piatnitsky, St Petersburg, September 2005. She was receiving psychiatric help from May 1938 (see Golgofa, p. 88).

154. Golgofa, pp. 42–3, 58.

155. Ibid., pp. 57, 100.

156. Ibid., pp. 52, 61; interview with