The Whisperers

Vladimir Piatnitsky, St Petersburg, September 2005.

157. L. Razgon, True Stories (London, 1997), p. 131.

158. Starkov, ‘The Trial’, p. 1307.

159. Lubianka. Stalin iglavnoe upravlenie gosbezopasnosti NKVD, 1937–1938 (Moscow, 2004), p. 544.

160. Golgofa, p. 80.

161. Ibid., pp. 83–4.

162. Ibid., p. 99.

163. Interview with Vladimir Piatnitsky, St Petersburg, September 2005.

164. Golgofa, pp. 114–16.

5: Remnants of Terror (1938–41)

1. MP, f. 4, op. 2, d. 2, ll. 7– 10.

2. MP, f. 4, op. 2, d. 2, l. 5. See similarly MM, f. 4, op. 11, d. 2, ll. 40–41.

3. MP, f. 4, op. 2, d. 2, l. 10.

4. MSP, f. 3, op. 41, d. 2, l. 10.

5. MSP, f. 3, op. 41, d. 2, ll. 6, 11, 31–2, 54, 59, 62–3, 65.

6. MSP, f. 3, op. 6, d. 2, ll. 6, 10, 25– 6.

7. For the first-born children assuming adult roles in single-parent families see MP, f. 4, op. 24, d. 2, ll. 39–40; op. 13, d. 2, ll. 42–4.

8. MSP, f. 3, op. 37, d. 2, ll. 11–12, 40; I. Shikheeva-Gaister, Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti: 1925–1953 (Moscow, 1998), pp. 36–8, 41–7, 50, 53–4, 187.

9. MP, f. 4, op. 22, d. 2, ll. 3–4, 24–6, 34–5.

10. See S. Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 131–2.

11. MM, f. 1, op. 3, d. 905 (25 January 1939).

12. See in particular MM, f. 1, op. 1, d. 5401; op. 3, d. 5923; f. 12, op. 25, d. 2; op. 31, d. 2.

13. MM, f. 1, op. 3, d. 905 (25 August 1940); f. 12, op. 3, d. 2, l. 31.

14. L. Siegelbaum and A. Sokolov (eds.), Stalinism as a Way of Life: A Narrative in Documents (Yale, 2000), p. 401.

15. GMPIR, f. 2, nos. 51291–1345; VS 11026; f. 6, VS 1937, VS 1937 VS 1938.

16. MM, f. 12, op. 22, d. 1, l. 1; d. 2, ll. 5–6, 14.

17. MSP, f. 3, op. 40, d. 2, ll. 10, 22; d. 5 (20 May 1940).

18. MSP, f. 3, op. 40, d. 2, ll. 7, 18, 24, 34–5.

19. MSP, f. 3, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 71– 2.

20. MSP, f. 3, op. 16, d. 1; d. 2, ll. 25–7.

21. GARF, f. 5207, op. 3, d. 49, l. 190; d. 56, l. 18.

22. A. Applebaum, Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps (London, 2003), p. 300.

23. MSP, f. 3, op. 29, d. 2, ll. 1, 3, 14, 20–21.

24. MM, f. 12, op. 27, d. 2, ll. 4, 72.

25. MSP, f. 3, op. 13, d. 2, ll. 4–6, 21–4.

26. MSP, f. 3, op. 24, d. 2, ll. 10, 41; d. 4, l. 25.

27. MSP, f. 3, op. 24, d. 2, ll. 37– 8.

28. MSP, f. 3, op. 24, d. 2, ll. 20, 39– 40.

29. M. Nikolaev, Detdom (New York, 1985), pp. 48–9, 89.

30. Ibid., pp. 42, 65, 101.

31. Ibid., pp. 77–9, 126; interview with Viktoriia Shweitser (Mikhail Nikolaev’s widow), Moscow, July 2004.

32. MSP, f. 3, op. 24, d. 2, l. 16; d. 4, l. 21.

33. MSP, f. 3, op. 12, d. 2, l. 68.

34. MSP, f. 3, op. 12, d. 2, ll. 127– 30.

35. E. P. Evangulova, Krestnyi put’ (St Petersburg, 2000), pp. 59, 69, 75, 77, 81.

36. SFA, I. Slavina, ‘Na vesakh nadezhdy i otchaianiia’, ms., p. 1.

37. MSP, f. 3, op. 42, d. 2, l. 23; d. 3, ll. 1–2.

38. MP, f. 4, op. 12, d. 2, ll. 10, 14, 32, 63–4.

39. MSP, f. 3, op. 11, d. 2, ll. 39, 61, 62, 63–4, 72.

40. Lynne Viola, ‘Tear the Evil From the Root: The Children of Spetspereselentsy of the North’, in Natalia Baschmakoff and Paul Fryer (eds.), Modernization of the Russian Provinces, special issue of Studia Slavica Finlandensia, 17 (April 2000), pp. 60–61.