The Whisperers

41. MP, f. 4, op. 18, d. 2, ll. 11, 16, 50, 52, 65, 76; d. 5, ll. 22–3.

42. MP, f. 4, op. 2, d. 2, l. 14.

43. Interviews with Oksana Kozmina (Moscow, 1988), Klavdiia Goncharova (Moscow, 1986), Inna Ilina (Moscow, 1988), Lydia Violina (Moscow, 1988), Klavdiia Babaeva (Moscow, 1988); GFA, interviews with Sergei Barinov (Akmolinsk, 1988); Leninskaia smena, 2 June 1988, p. 2; M. Shreider, NKVD iznutri: zapiski chekista (Moscow, 1995), p. 117. See further A. Kukushkina, Akmolinskii lager’ zhen ‘izmennikov rodiny’. Istoriia i sud’by (Karaganda, 2002).

44. MP, f. 4, op. 2, d. 2, ll. 4, 45, 51.

45. A. Applebaum, Gulag, p. 234; I. Shikheeva-Gaister, Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti: 1925–1953 (Moscow, 1998), pp. 47–8.

46. SFA, I. Slavina, ‘Na vesakh nadezhdy i otchaianiia’, ms., pp. 6–7.

47. Interview with Oksana Kozmina, Moscow, 1988.

48. The most detailed discussion of the trusties is in A. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation, 3 vols. (London, 1974–8), vol. 2, pp. 251–91.

49. MM, f. 12, op. 29, d. 2, ll. 1, 18.

50. H. Volovich, ‘My Past’, in S. Vilenskii (ed.), Till My Tale is Told: Women’s Memoirs of the GULAG (Bloomington, 1999), pp. 260–64.

51. Applebaum, Gulag, p. 293.

52. Interviews with Oksana Kozmina (Moscow, 1988), Klavdiia Goncharova (Moscow, 1986), Inna Ilina (Moscow, 1988), Lydia Violina (Moscow, 1988), Klavdiia Babaeva (Moscow, 1988), Mikhail Iusipenko (Akmolinsk, 1988).

53. On this see Solzhenitsyn, Gulag, vol. 2, pp. 229–34; Applebaum, Gulag, pp. 285– 91.

54. MIFA, Tina Mikheladze, ‘Vospominaniia’, ms., pp. 1–8; interview with Vakhtang Mikheladze, Moscow, April 2003.

55. MSP, f. 3, op. 41, d. 2, ll. 10–12, 40–41, 83–91.

56. GFA, Oksana Golovnia, ‘Vospominaniia’, ms., pp. 5–7.

57. GFA, letter from Anatoly to Liuba Golovnia, 22 June 1940; letters from Polina Eisner to Liuba Golovnia, 11 December 1940, 22 March 1941.

58. GFA, Oksana Golovnia, ‘Predislovie k pis’mam’, ms., p. 42; Polina Eisner (Ivanova), ‘Avtobiografiia’ (February 1942); interview with Oksana Kozmina, Moscow, 1988; letters from Anatoly to Liuba Golovnia, 23 July 1939; 1 March, 27 March, 3 April 1940.

59. Interview with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, November 2003.

60. RGALI, f. 632, op. 1, d. 14, ll. 26–7.

61. RGALI, f. 631, op. 2, d. 453, l. 21; f. 2897, op. 1, d. 114; A. Simonov, Chastnaia kollektsiia (Nizhny Novgorod, 1999), pp. 35–6, 49; interviews with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, November 2003; SLFA, Yevgeniia Laskina to Aleksandra Ivanisheva, 8 September 1939; Konstantin Simonov to Yevgeniia Laskina, August 1939.

62. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 1, d. 93, l. 20.

63. J. Colvin, Nomonhan (London, 1999), pp. 169–75.

64. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 1, d. 480, l. 106; op. 6, d. 170, l. 46; op. 10, d. 339, l. 11; K. Simonov, 100 sutok voiny (Moscow, 1999), p. 295.

65. G. Roberts, ‘The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany’, Soviet Studies, vol. 44, no. 1 (1992), pp. 57–78; R. Overy, The Dictators: Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia (London, 2004), p. 486.

66. C. Merridale, Ivan’s War: The Red Army 1939–45 (London, 2005), p. 44.

67. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 6, d. 170, ll. 44–6; K. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia (Moscow, 1990), p. 67; Simonov, 100 sutok voiny, pp. 292–3.

68. Simonov, 100 sutok voiny, pp. 297–8.

69. Konstantin Simonov v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Moscow, 1984), pp. 18–20.

70. N. Pushnova, Valentina Serova (Moscow, 2003), pp. 10, 298–9; interview with Maria Simonova, Moscow, March 2004.

71. Pushnova, Valentina Serova, pp. 48–9.

72. Ibid., p. 96.

73. Interview with Fania Laskina, Moscow, July 2004.

74. Pushnova, Valentina Serova, p. 115; M. Simonova, ‘Ia pomniu’, Ogonek, 1993, no. 6, pp. 22–3; interview with Fania Laskina, Moscow, November 2003.

6: ‘Wait For Me’ (1941–5)

1. MFA, L. Makhnach, ‘Oskolki bylogo s vysoty nastoiashchego’, ms., pp. 1–14; Vladimir to Maria Makhnach, November 1941; TsAODM, f. 3, op. 52, d. 27, l. 21.

2. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 339, l. 6; K. Simonov, 100 sutok voiny (Moscow, 1999), pp. 6–17.

3. Simonov, 100 sutok voiny, pp. 51–2; SLFA, M. Laskin, ‘Vospominaniia’, ms., p. 55.

4. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 4, d. 5, ll. 7, 58. For more on the development of Simonov’s ideas about the Terror during the wars years: A. Karaganov, Konstantin Simonov vblizi i na rasstoianii (Moscow, 1987), pp. 88–9. On the legacy of the Terror in the Soviet armed forces: E. Seniavskaia, ‘Dukhovnyi oblik frontovogo pokoleniia: istoriko-psikhologicheskii ocherk’, Vestnik MGU: Istoriia, 1992, no. 4, pp. 39–51; M. von Hagen, ‘Soviet Soldiers and Officers on the Eve of the German Invasion: Toward a Description of Social Psychology and Political Attitudes’, in R.