Vickery).

75. On the collapse of the Party’s ideological training centres in the war see R. Brody, Ideology and Political Mobilization: The Soviet Home Front During World War II (Pittsburgh, 1994), pp. 24–6.

76. Merridale, Ivan’s War, p. 141; Werth, Russia at War, p. 943; Pravda, 24 June 1944, p. 2; interview with Lazar Lazarev, Moscow, November 2003; MSP, f. 3, op. 30, d. 2, l. 23.

77. Smith, The Russians, p. 370.

78. MM, f. 12, op. 25, d. 2.

79. MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 2, ll. 46–53, 87–90; d. 3, ll. 27–33.

80. MP, f. 4, op. 11, d. 2, ll. 10, 34– 7.

81. V. Pirozhkova, Poteriannoe pokolenie (St Petersburg, 1998), p. 154.

82. TsAODM, f. 1870, op. 3, d. 1, ll. 15–17; d. 3, ll. 33–4.

83. MM, f. 12, op. 21, d. 2, ll. 31– 2.

84. E. Zubkova, Russia After the War: Hopes, Illusions and Disappointments, 1945–1957 (London, 1998), p. 17; ‘Voina, kotoruiu ne znali: iz dnevnika, prokommentirovannogo samym avtorom 45 let spustia’, Sovetskaia kul’tura, 5 May 1990, p. 4; interview with Lazar Lazarev, Moscow, November 2003.

85. M. Prishvin, Sobranie sochinenii, 8 vols. (Moscow, 1986), vol. 8, pp. 392, 435–6; VFA, A. Levidova, ‘Vospominaniia’, ms., p. 119; S. Gus’kov, Esli ostanus’ zhiv (Moscow, 1989), p. 215; interview with Lazar Lazarev, Moscow, November 2003.

86. GARF, f. 9041, op. 2, d. 202, l. 8; RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 868, l. 56; f. 17, op. 122, d. 122, ll. 27–30; Pravda, 11 September 1989.

87. GARF, f. 7253, op. 16, d. 79, l. 173; Merridale, Ivan’s War, pp. 292–3.

88. Seniavskaia, ‘Dukhovnyi oblik’, pp. 49–50.

89. T. Dunmore, Soviet Politics 1945–53 (London, 1984), p. 129; Zubkova, Russia After the War, p. 94; Bordiugov, ‘The Popular Mood’, pp. 66, 68.

90. MSP, f. 3, op. 4, d. 2, ll. 41–2, 46, 57–8.

91. MSP, f. 3, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 30–34, 74–8, 98.

92. Simonov, Sobranie sochinenii, vol. 9 .p. 639.

93. SLFA, M. Laskin, ‘Vospominaniia’, ms., p. 72.

94. Pravda, 27 June 1945.

95. Chelovek v istorii. Rossiia–XX vek: sbornik rabot pobeditelei (Moscow, 2002), p. 293.

96. See Merridale, Ivan’s War, pp. 232–4.

97. Kondrat’ev, ‘Ne tol’ko o svoem pokolenii’, pp. 112–16; same author, ‘Paradoks frontovoi nostal’gii’.

98. MSP, f. 3, op. 29, d. 2, ll. 5– 6.

99. MM, f. 1, op. 1, d. 1942; d. 1944; f. 12, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 12–15, 68–9.

100. MM, f. 1, op. 1, d. 1944.

101. MM, f. 1, op. 1, d. 1944; f. 12, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 27, 29, 69.

102. MM, f. 12, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 32– 3.

103. MM, f. 12, op. 16, d. 2, ll. 34, 71–2, 85.

7: Ordinary Stalinists (1945–53)

1. MP, f. 4, op. 2, d. 2, ll. 64– 89.

2. E. Zubkova, Russia After the War: Hopes, Illusions and Disappointments, 1945–1957 (London, 1998), pp. 20–21, 38; Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei (St Petersburg, 2005), p. 130.

3. M. Heller and A. Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present (London, 1986), pp. 472–3; RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 387, l. 4; d. 389, l. 10.

4. Zubkova, Russia After the War, pp. 11, 40. A lower rate of mortality (1.5 million deaths) is given by M. Ellman, ‘The 1947 Soviet Famine and the Entitlement Approach to Famines’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24 (September 2000), p. 615.

5. MP, f. 4, op. 2, d. 2, ll. 13, 19–20, 24–6, 76–9.

6. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 117, d. 530, ll. 37–8.

7. ‘Iz suzhdenii sovetskikh liudei o poslevoennykh problemakh i o zhizni v SSSR’, Istoriia otechestva v dokumentakh, 1945– 1993 (Moscow, 1995), p. 17.

8. I. Ehrenburg, The War, 1941–45 (London, 1964), p. 124; R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (London, 1997), p. 299 (quotation altered for clarity); A. Mikoian, Tak bylo: razmyshleniia o minuvshem (Moscow, 1999), pp. 513–14.

9. Interview with Marianna Gordon, St Petersburg, October 2003.

10. Interview with Valentina Aleksandrova, St Petersburg, December 2003.

11. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 125, d. 424, ll. 58–71. On these groups see J. Furst, ‘Prisoners of the Self? Political Opposition Groups in Late Stalinism’,

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