Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 54, no. 3 (2002), pp. 353–75; H. Kuromiya, “‘Political Youth Opposition in Late Stalinism”: Evidence and Conjecture’, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 55, no. 4 (2003), pp. 631–8.
12. MSP, f. 3, op. 20, d. 2, ll. 53, 59.
13. MSP, f. 3, op. 47, d. 2, ll. 21, 31, 35, 38, 55.
14. See N. Tumarkin, The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia (New York, 1994), p. 104; L. Lazarev, Pamiat’ trudnoi godiny. Velikaia otechestvennaia voina v russkoi literature (Moscow, 2000), pp. 61–3.
15. Pravda, 10 February 1946; A. Applebaum, Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps (London, 2003), p. 415.
16. R. Overy, Russia’s War (London, 1997), pp. 304–7.
17. A. Danilov and A. Pyzhikov, Rozhdenie sverkhderzhavy: SSSR v pervye poslevoennye gody (Moscow, 2001), p. 108.
18. GARF, f. 9401, op. 2, d. 234, ll. 148, 153; d. 199, l. 392; S. Fitzpatrick, ‘Postwar Soviet Society: The “Return to Normalcy”, 1945–1953’, in S. Linz (ed.), The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union (Totowa, 1985), pp. 143– 5.
19. P. Gregory, ‘An Introduction to the Economics of the Gulag’, in P. Gregory and V. Lazarev (eds.), The Economics of Forced Labor: The Soviet Gulag (Stanford, 2003), pp. 14, 16; G. Alexopoulos, ‘Amnesty 1945: The Revolving Door of Stalin’s Gulag’, Slavic Review, vol. 64, no. 2 (Summer 2005), p. 274; Y. Gorlizki and O. Khlevniuk, Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953 (Oxford, 2004), pp. 130–31, 268–71.
20. For a good example of a family reunited in Norilsk see the Kuznetsova-Babailova archive in MSP, f. 3, op. 22, dd. 2–5.
21. MM, f. 12, op. 20, d. 2.
22. MSP, f. 3, op. 8, d. 2.
23. L. Borodkin and S. Ertz, ‘Coercion versus Motivation: Forced Labor in Norilsk’, in Gregory and Lazarev (eds.), The Economics of Forced Labor, pp. 102–3.
24. V. Dunham, In Stalin’s Time: Middle-Class Values in Soviet Fiction (New York, 1976).
25. N. DeWitt, Education and Professional Employment in the USSR (Washington, 1961), pp. 606–7, 638–9.
26. A. Inkeles and R. Bauer, The Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society (Cambridge, Mass. 1959), pp. 289, 326–7.
27. C. Milosz, The Captive Mind (London, 1953), pp. 55, 57.
28. Interviews with Irina Aleksandrova, St Petersburg, May, November 2003.
29. MSP, f. 3, op. 37, d. 2, ll. 44– 5.
30. MFA, L. Makhnach, ‘Oskolki bylogo s vysoty nastoiashchego’, ms., p. 76.
31. MSP, f. 3, op. 34, d. 2, l. 4. See also MM, f. 12, op. 32, d. 2, ll. 77–8.
32. MP, f. 4, op. 2, d. 2, ll. 32– 3.
33. MP, f. 4, op. 13, d. 2, ll. 37–8, 39, 42–3, 56.
34. Interviews with Iurii Streletsky, St Petersburg, May 2003, February 2004.
35. PFA, ‘Vospominaniia’, ms., pp. 17, 22–4; interviews with Tatiana Elagina, Moscow, May, October 2003 (name changed on the request of the informant).
36. MP, f. 4, op. 7, d. 2, ll. 3, 7, 11– 12, 26, 28, 39–40.
37. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 360, l. 45; K. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia (Moscow, 1990), p. 82; A. Karaganov, Konstantin Simonov vblizi i na rasstoianii (Moscow 1987), p. 103.
38. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 346.
39. K. Simonov, Segodnia i davno (Moscow, 1978), pp. 143–4; N. Pushnova, Valentina Serova (Moscow, 2003), pp. 215–16.
40. K. Chukovskii, Dnevnik, 1901–1969, 2 vols. (Moscow, 2003), vol. 2, p. 210; RGALI, f. 631, op. 15, d. 1004, l. 150; Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia, p. 116.
41. Interview with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, November 2003; interview with Marina Babak, Moscow, November 2003.
42. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 343, l. 1; N. Bianki, K. Simonov i A. Tvardovskii v ‘Novom mire’ (Moscow, 1999), p. 7; L. Fink, Konstantin Simonov (Moscow, 1979), pp. 220, 235, 251, 274.
43. L. Chukovskaia, Sochineniia v 2 tomakh (Moscow, 2000), vol. 2, pp. 182, 186, 216. Simonov was accused of a similarly dictatorial manner as the editor of Literaturnaia gazeta (see RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 878, l. 55).
44. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 229, ll. 16, 20; Bianki, K. Simonov i A. Tvardovskii v ‘Novom Mire’, p. 16; B. Pankin, Chetyre Ia Konstantina Simonova (Moscow, 1999), pp. 19, 23, 35–5; interview with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, November 2003; interview with Marina Babak, Moscow, November 2003.
45. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 2590, ll. 1, 2. On Portugalov in Kolyma see the touching reminiscences about him by Varlam Shalamov in RGALI, f. 2596, op. 2, d. 133, ll. 1–10.
46. Karaganov, Konstantin Simonov, p. 136. On Smeliakov: Sluzhili dva tovarishcha: kniga o zhizni kinodramaturgov Dunskogo i Frida (Moscow, 2002), pp. 592– 5.
47. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 1, d. 454, ll. 43, 45; d. 643, ll. 1–2; op. 9, d. 1812, l. 4.
48. I. Berlin, ‘Meetings with Russian Writers in 1945 and 1956’, in Personal Impressions (Oxford, 1982), pp. 160–61; N.
