The Whisperers

37. MSP, f. 3, op. 41, d. 2, ll. 37–41, 83–6; d. 3, l. 2.

38. MP, f. 4, op. 22, d. 2, ll. 16, 29, 35, 50, 53, 59.

39. MM, f. 1, op. 1, dd. 841, 2676; f. 12, op. 4, d. 2, ll. 59–80.

40. GFA, N. Iznar, ‘Avtobiografiia’; Natalia Iznar to Elena Abezgauz, undated.

41. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 2581, ll. 28–36.

42. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 229, ll. 15, 17, 18, 21, 32, 47, 48.

43. MM, f. 2, op. 1, d. 45, l. 1105; A. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation, 3 vols. (London, 1974–8), vol. 3, p. 455.

44. A. Applebaum, ‘After the Gulag’, New York Review of Books, vol. 49, no. 16 (24 October 2002), p. 41.

45. MP, f. 4, op. 10, d. 2, ll. 10– 13.

46. Adler, Beyond the Soviet System, pp. 30–31; A. Applebaum, Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps (London, 2003), p. 460; C. Hooper, ‘Terror from Within: Participation and Coercion in Soviet Power, 1924–64’ (Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 2003), p. 377.

47. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 3, p. 451.

48. RGASPI, f. 560, op. 1, d. 37, l. 487.

49. MM, f. 2, op. 1, d. 29 (Anatolii Brat [Zhukov], ‘Zhutkie gody’).

50. MSP, f. 3, op. 8, d. 2, l. 28.

51. MP, f. 4, op. 6, d. 2, ll. 28–30, 39–40.

52. MM, f. 12, op. 20, d. 2, l. 124.

53. MP, f. 4, op. 6, d. 2, l. 29.

54. MP, f. 4, op. 2, d. 2, l. 26.

55. Adamova-Sliuzberg, Put’, pp. 207–8.

56. MP, f. 4, op. 2, d. 2, l. 46.

57. MP, f. 4, op. 43, d. 2, l. 2.

58. MSP, f. 3, op. 46, d. 2, ll. 51–4; d. 3, ll. 49–50.

59. TsAFSB, Arkhivno-sledstvennoe delo I. V. Slavina (P-51969); ‘Delo reabilitatsii’ (N 4 N 012826/55); SFA, I. Slavina, ‘Put’ na plakhu’, ms., pp. 3–6, 103; interview with Ida Slavina, Cologne, June 2003.

60. MSP, f. 3, op. 10, d. 2, ll. 15, 30– 31; d. 3, ll. 34–5. See also MSP, f. 3, op. 38, d. 2, ll. 23–6; MM, f. 12, op. 2, d. 2, ll. 28–30.

61. L. Chukovskaia, Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi, 3 vols. (Paris, 1980), vol. 2, p. 137.

62. MSP, f. 3, op. 12, d. 2, ll. 60–67, 131–3.

63. MSP, f. 2, op. 51, d. 2, ll. 3– 7.

64. MM, f. 12, op. 10, d. 2, ll. 18– 23.

65. MSP, f. 3, op. 14, d. 2, ll. 66–8; d. 3, ll. 54–5.

66. I. Sherbakova, ‘The Gulag in Memory’, in L. Passerini (ed.), International Yearbook of Oral History and Life Stories, vol. 1: Memory and Totalitarianism (Oxford, 1992), p. 114 (translation slightly altered for clarity).

67. See A. Inkeles and R. Bauer, The Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society (Cambridge, Mass., 1959).

68. N. Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope (London, 1989), p. 48.

69. Ibid., p. 49.

70. Vokrug Fadeeva: neizvestnye pis’ma, zametki i dokumenty (Moscow, 1996), pp. 12, 122; RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 5, l. 30; V. Kaverin, Epilog: memuary (Moscow, 2002), pp. 313–24.

71. Izvestiia TsK KPSS, 1990, no. 10, p. 147.

72. On Fadeyev’s kindness see K. Chukovskii, Dnevnik, 1901–69, 2 vols. (Moscow, 2003), vol. 2, pp. 282–3; A. Borshchagovskii, Zapiski balovnia sud’by (Moscow, 1991), p. 21; and the letter by Akhmatova to Fadeyev on 10 March 1956 in which she thanked him for his efforts to release her son Lev Gumilyov from a Siberian labour camp (‘You have been more kind and sympathetic than anybody in these frightful years’)in Vokrug Fadeeva, p. 161.

73. RGALI, f. 618, op. 16, d. 88, l. 16.

74. Literaturnaia gazeta, 17 July 1954, pp. 2–3; 20 July 1954, pp. 2–3.

75. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia, pp. 248–53; interview with Lazar Lazarev, Moscow, November 2003.

76. Pravda, 4 July 1954, p. 3.

77. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 1770, ll. 21–2. On the public response to the novel see D. Kozlov, ‘Naming the Social Evil: The Readers of Novyi mir and Vladimir Dudintsev’s Not by Bread Alone, 1956–1959’, in P. Jones (ed.), The Dilemmas of De-Stalinization: A Social and Cultural History of Reform in the Khrushchev Era (London, 2005), pp. 80–98.

78. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 1770, l. 15; K. Simonov, Segodnia i davno (Moscow, 1978), p. 78; A za mnoiu shum pogoni: Boris Pasternak i vlast’. Dokumenty 1956–72 (Moscow, 2001), pp. 89–90.