165
Kossmann 1978, pp. 136-8; Henderson 1972, pp. 198-200.
166
For further details, see Schiff 1971.
167
van Zanden 1999, pp. 179-80.
168
Maddison 1995.
169
van Zanden 1999, pp. 182-4.
170
Biucchi 1973, pp. 464, 628.
171
Milward and Saul 1979, pp. 454-5.
172
Biucchi 1973, p. 629.
173
Biucchi 1973, p. 455.
174
Biucchi 1973, pp. 628, 630-1.
175
For further details see Schiff 1971.
176
See Smith 1955 and Allen 1981 for further details.
177
McPherson 1987, pp. 31, 34-5.
178
‘So cautious were private investors that capital was raised in 1881 for the first private railway, between Tokyo and Aomori, only after the government promised to build the line for the owners with engineers from the Department of Industry, to make the land owned by the company tax-free, and to guarantee the company a net return of 8 percent per annum for ten years on the line between Tokyo and Sendai and for fifteen years on the line from Sendai to Aomori’ (Smith, 1955, p. 43).
179
McPherson 1987, p. 31; Smith 1955, pp. 44-5.
180
e.g., Landes 1965, pp. 100-6.
181
Smith 1955, p. 103.
182
Of these, 205 were technical advisers, 144 teachers, 69 managers and administrators and 36 skilled workmen (Allen 1981, p. 34).
183
McPherson 1987, p. 30.
184
See Westney 1987, chapter 1, and McPherson 1987, p. 29 for details.
185
Allen 1981, p. 133; McPherson 1987, p. 32.
186
Allen 1981, pp. 133-4.
187
Johnson 1982, pp. 105—6; McPherson 1987, pp. 32-3.
188
