Johnson 1982, pp. 105-15.
189
McPherson 1987, pp. 35—6.
190
Maddison 1989. The 16 countries are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the USA.
191
Japanese GDP (not per capita) in 1945 is estimated to have fallen to 48 per cent of the peak reached in 1943. This was, however, somewhat less dramatic than what Germany experienced, where 1946 GDP was only 40 per cent of the peak reached in 1944 or Austria, where the 1945 GDP was only 41 per cent of the peaks reached in 1941 and 1944. See Maddison 1989, pp. 120-1, table B-2).
192
All the information in this paragraph comes from Maddison 1989, p. 35, table 3.2.
193
For the earlier phase of this debate, see Johnson 1982, id. 1984; pore 1986; Thompson 1989; Amsden 1989; Westphal 1930; Wade 1990; and Chang 1993. For the more recent phase, see World Bank 1993; Singh 1994; La1l1994; Stiglitz 1996; Wade 1996; and Chang 2001b.
194
Westphal 1978; Luedde-Neurath 1986; Amsden 1989; World Bank 1993.
195
Westphal 1978; Luedde-Neurath 1986; Chang 1993.
196
Chang 1993; id. 1994.
197
Amsden and Singh 1994; Chang 1994; id. 1999.
198
Dore 1986; Chang 2001b.
199
You and Chang 1993.
200
Chang 1998a.
201
Kim 1993; Hou and Gee 1993; Lall and Teubal 1998; Chang and Cheema, 2002.
202
For further criticism of this view, see Chang 1999; id. 2000.
203
See Chang 1998b; Chang et al. 1998.
204
List 1885, p. 95.
205
Brisco 1907, p. 165.
206
Brisco 1907, p. 157.
207
Garraty and Carnes 2000, pp. 77-8.
208
Lipsey 2000, p. 723.
209
Even after the USA had become independent, Britain still wanted to keep it as a supplier of raw materials (especially cotton), which is why it supported the South in the Civil War.
210
The industry was finally destroyed during the first half of the nineteenth century by the flooding of markets by the then superior British products, following the end in 1813 of the East India Company’s monopoly (Hobsbawm 1999, p. 27).
