22.Ibid., pp. 3-4.
23.Nathan and Norden, Einstein.
24.Craig, The Germans, pp. 323, 332.
25.Hilberg, Destruction.
Davidowicz, War against the Jews.
26.Craig, The Germans, pp. 22, 23.
27.Ibid., p. 23.
28.Quoted in Steiner, J. M. (1980). The SS yesterday and today: A sociopsychological view. In J. Dimsdale (Ed.), Survivors, victims and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co., p. 413.
29.Kren, G. M., & Rappoport, L. (1980). The Holocaust and the crisis of human behavior. New York: Holmes & Meier, p. 23.
30.Kren and Rappoport, Holocaust, p. 24.
31.Quoted in Girard, Historical foundations of anti-Semitism, p. 66.
32.Fromm, E. (1965). Escape from freedom. New York: Avon Books.
33.Miller, A. (1983). For your own good: Hidden cruelty in child-rearing and the roots of violence. New York: Ferrar, Straus, Giroux.
Dicks, H. V. (1972). Licensed mass murder: A sociopsychological study of some SS killers. New York: Basic Books.
Steiner, The SS yesterday and today.
34.Miller, For your own good.
35.Sulzer, J. (1748). Versuch von der Erziehung and Unterweisung der Kinder (An essay on the education and instruction of children). In Miller, For your own good, pp. 1-2.
36.Kruger, J. G. (1752). Gedanken von der Erziehung der Kinder (Some thoughts on the education of children). In Miller, For your own good, p. 2.
37.Miller, For your own good, p. 61.
38.DeMause, L. (Ed.). (1974). History of childhood. New York. Psychohistory Press.
Stone, L. (1977). The family, sex and marriage in England, 1500-1800. New York: Harper & Row.
39.Staub, E. (1986). A conception of the determinants and development of altruism and aggression: Motives, the self, and the environment. In C. Zahn-Waxler, E. M. Cummings, & R. Iannotti (Eds.), Altruism and aggression: Social and biological origins. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Idem. (Forthcoming). Social behavior and moral conduct: A personal goal theory account of altruism and aggression. Century Series. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
40.Dicks, Licensed mass murder.
41.Steiner, The SS yesterday and today.
42.Devereux,E. D. (1972). Authority and moral development among German and American children: A cross-national pilot experiment. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 3, 99-124.
43.MacDonaid, K. (1984). An ethological-social learning theory of the development of altruism: Implications for human sociobiology. Ethology and Sociobiology, 5, 97-109.
44.Wesley, F., & Karr, C. (1968). Vergleich der Ansichten und Erziehung-haltungen deutscher und amerikanischer Mutter. Psychologische Rundschau, 19, 35-46.
45.Adelson, J. (1971). The political imagination of the young adolescent. Daedalus, 100, 1031-50.
46.Kaufmann, W. (1950). Nietzsche: Philosopher, psychologist, antichrist. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
47.Quoted in Russell, B. (1945). A history of Western philosophy. New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 763.
My review is partly based on Russell’s review, partly on Kaufmann, Nietzsche, and partly on material from the anthology:
The philosophy of Nietzsche. (1927, 1945). New York: Modern Library.
48.Kren and Rappoport, Holocaust.
49.Lowenberg, P. (1971). The psychosocial origins of the Nazi youth cohort. American Historical Review, 76, 1457-1502.
50.There is beginning interest in the effects of economic stress and unemployment, one aspect of difficult life conditions, on the family and children. See:
Elder, G. H., & Caspi, A. (1988). Economic stress in lives: Developmental perspectives. In D. Dooley & R. Catalano (Eds.), Psychological effects of unemployment. Journal of Social Issues, 44, no. 4, 25-45.
51.Reich, W. (1970). The mass psychology of fascism. New York: Farrar, Strauss, Giroux.
52.Abel, Nazi movement.
Merkl, P. H. (1980). The making of a stormtrooper. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
53.Merkl, Stormtrooper.
54.Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi doctors: Medical killing and the psychology of genocide. New York: Basic Books.
Chapter 9
1.Craig, G. A. (1982). The Germans. New York: New American Library, pp. 68-69.
2.Littell, F. H. (1980). Invited lecture at the Jewish Community of Amherst, Amherst, Mass.
3.Dimont, M. I. (1962). Jews, God and history. New York: New American Library of World Literature.
Po-chia Hsia, R. (1988). The myth of ritual murder: Jews and magic in Reformation Germany. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4.Axel, L. A. (1979). Christian theology and the murder of the Jews. Encounter, 40, no. 2.
Flannery, E.H. (1965). The anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three centuries of antisemitism. New York: Paulist Press.
A sociological account of the roots and continuity of anti-Semitism is provided by:
Fein, H. (Ed.). (1987). The persisting question: Sociological perspectives and social contexts of modern antisemitism. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
5.Dimont, Jews, God and history; Po-chia Hsia, The myth.
6.Hilberg, R. 1961. The destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
7.Davidowicz, L. S. (1975). The war against the Jews: 1933-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi doctors: Medical killing and the psychology of genocide. New York: Basic Books.
8.London, P. (1970). The rescuers: Motivational hypotheses about Christians who saved Jews from the Nazis. In J. Macaulay & L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior. New York: Academic Press.
9.Oliner, S. P., & Oliner, P. M. (1988). The altruistic personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York: Free Press.
10.Friedrich, V. (1989). From psychoanalysis to the “great treatment": Psychoanalysts under National Socialism. Political Psychology 10, 3-26.
Staub, E. (1989). The evolution of bystanders, German psychoanalysts and lessons for today. Political Psychology 10, 39-52.
11.Lifton, Nazi doctors.
12.Stotland, E. (1969). Exploratory studies of empathy. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 4. New York: Academic Press.
Regan, D., & Totten, J. (1975). Empathy and attribution: Turning observers into actors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 850-6.
13.Hilberg, Destruction.
14.Staub, E. (1975). To rear a prosocial child: Reasoning, learning by doing, and learning by teaching others. In D. DePalma & J. Folley (Eds.), Moral development: Current theory and research. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Idem. (1979). Positive social behavior and morality: Socialization and development, vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, Chap. 6.
15.Kramer, B. M. (1950). Residential contact as a determinant of attitudes toward Negroes. Ph.D. diss., Harvard University.
Deutsch, M.. & Collins, M. E. (1951). Interracial housing: A psychological evaluation of a social experiment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
16.Hilberg, R. (1980). The nature of the process. In J. Dimsdale (Ed.), Survivors, victims, and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co.
Lifton, Nazi doctors.
17.Bloch, S., & Reddaway, P. (1977). Psychiatric terror: How Soviet psychiatry is used to suppress dissent. New York: Basic Books.
Idem. (1985). Psychiatrists and dissenters in the Soviet Union. In E. Stover & E. O. Nightingale (Eds.), The breaking of bodies and minds. New York: Freeman.
18.Lifton, Nazi
